Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants

Age, year (mean ± SD)

68.61 ± 7.27

68.50 ± 7.20

69.49 ± 7.72

 < 0.001

Sex, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Male

12,717 (47.41%)

11,470 (48.11%)

1247 (41.86%)

 Female

14,104 (52.59%)

12,372 (51.89%)

1732 (58.14%)

Level of education, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No schooling

14,384 (53.63%)

12,662 (53.11%)

1722 (57.80%)

 Less than 5 years complete

8463 (31.55%)

7540 (31.62%)

923 (30.98%)

 5–9 years complete

2796 (10.42%)

2551 (10.70%)

245 (8.22%)

 10 or more years complete

1178 (4.39%)

1089 (4.57%)

89 (2.99%)

Working status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Currently unemployed

17,538 (65.39%)

15,460 (64.84%)

2078 (69.75%)

 Currently employed

9283 (34.61%)

8382 (35.16%)

901 (30.25%)

UI, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

25,845 (96.36%)

23,083 (96.82%)

2762 (92.72%)

 Yes

976 (3.64%)

759 (3.18%)

217 (7.28%)

SUI, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

24,095 (89.84%)

21,628 (90.71%)

2467 (82.81%)

 Yes

2726 (10.16%)

2214 (9.29%)

512 (17.19%)

Medications/Treatments to help sleep, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

26,014 (96.99%)

23,342 (97.90%)

2672 (89.69%)

 Yes

807 (3.01%)

500 (2.10%)

307 (10.31%)

BMI, kg/m², n (%)

 < 0.001

  < 18.5

6174 (23.02%)

5367 (22.51%)

807 (27.09%)

 18.5–25

14,094 (52.55%)

12,647 (53.05%)

1447 (48.57%)

 25–30

4996 (18.63%)

4458 (18.70%)

538 (18.06%)

  ≥ 30

1557 (5.81%)

1370 (5.75%)

187 (6.28%)

Waist-to-hip ratio, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Low risk

2851 (10.63%)

2444 (10.25%)

407 (13.66%)

 High risk

23,970 (89.37%)

21,398 (89.75%)

2572 (86.34%)

Vigorous physical activity, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Everyday

4874 (18.17%)

4432 (18.59%)

442 (14.84%)

 More than once a week

1502 (5.60%)

1375 (5.77%)

127 (4.26%)

 Once a week

855 (3.19%)

766 (3.21%)

89 (2.99%)

 One to three times a month

1200 (4.47%)

1078 (4.52%)

122 (4.10%)

 Hardly ever or never

18,390 (68.57%)

16,191 (67.91%)

2199 (73.82%)

Number of chronic diseases, n (%)

 < 0.001

 0

4410 (16.44%)

4127 (17.31%)

283 (9.50%)

 1

5771 (21.52%)

5293 (22.20%)

478 (16.05%)

 2 + 

16,640 (62.04%)

14,422 (60.49%)

2218 (74.45%)

SRH, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Excellent

750 (2.80%)

708 (2.97%)

42 (1.41%)

 Very good

3889 (14.50%)

3619 (15.18%)

270 (9.06%)

 Good

9767 (36.42%)

8989 (37.70%)

778 (26.12%)

 Fair

8827 (32.91%)

7751 (32.51%)

1076 (36.12%)

 Poor

3588 (13.38%)

2775 (11.64%)

813 (27.29%)

Drinking status, n (%)

0.91

 Never

22,222 (82.85%)

19,756 (82.86%)

2466 (82.78%)

 Current/ever

4599 (17.15%)

4086 (17.14%)

513 (17.22%)

Smoking status, n (%)

0.058

 Never

21,394 (79.77%)

19,057 (79.93%)

2337 (78.45%)

 Current/ever

5427 (20.23%)

4785 (20.07%)

642 (21.55%)

Depression, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

19,486 (72.65%)

17,846 (74.85%)

1640 (55.05%)

 Yes

7335 (27.35%)

5996 (25.15%)

1339 (44.95%)

Pain, n (%)

 < 0.001

 No

15,920 (59.36%)

14,618 (61.31%)

1302 (43.71%)

 Yes

10,901 (40.64%)

9224 (38.69%)

1677 (56.29%)

Marital status, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Married or partnered

17,212 (64.17%)

15,479 (64.92%)

1733 (58.17%)

 Widowed

9068 (33.81%)

7880 (33.05%)

1188 (39.88%)

 Others

541 (2.02%)

483 (2.03%)

58 (1.95%)

Living arrangement, n (%)

0.001

 Co-residential living

25,429 (94.81%)

22,641 (94.96%)

2788 (93.59%)

 Separate living

1392 (5.19%)

1201 (5.04%)

191 (6.41%)

Place of residence, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Urban

8911 (33.22%)

8010 (33.60%)

901 (30.25%)

 Rural

17,910 (66.78%)

15,832 (66.40%)

2078 (69.75%)

Economic status, n (%)

0.357

 Low

9570 (35.68%)

8511 (35.70%)

1059 (35.55%)

 Middle

9141 (34.08%)

8153 (34.20%)

988 (33.17%)

 High

8110 (30.24%)

7178 (30.11%)

932 (31.29%)

Religion, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Hindu

19,700 (73.45%)

17,366 (72.84%)

2334 (78.35%)

 Muslim

3158 (11.77%)

2808 (11.78%)

350 (11.75%)

 Christian

2632 (9.81%)

2475 (10.38%)

157 (5.27%)

 Others

1331 (4.96%)

1193 (5.00%)

138 (4.63%)

Caste, n (%)

 < 0.001

 Scheduled caste

4410 (16.44%)

3846 (16.13%)

564 (18.93%)

 Scheduled trible

4465 (16.65%)

4146 (17.39%)

319 (10.71%)

 Other backward class

10,287 (38.35%)

9028 (37.87%)

1259 (42.26%)

 Other castes

7659 (28.56%)

6822 (28.61%)

837 (28.10%)