Table 3 Fixed effect results for the association between women’s decision-making autonomy and health insurance enrollment among married women: Evidence from 29 sub-Saharan African countries Demographics and Health Surveys (N = 226,734)
Variable | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|
Decision-making autonomy | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 1.33 (1.03–1.72)* | 1.83 (1.46–2.29)*** | 1.33 (1.03–1.72)* |
Women’s age | |||
15–19 | Ref | Ref | |
20–24 | 1.17 (0.41–3.34) | 1.15 (0.40–3.28) | |
25–29 | 2.04 (0.70–5.92) | 2.01 (0.69–5.80) | |
30–34 | 2.10 (0.73–6.04) | 2.06 (0.72–5.91) | |
35–39 | 3.10 (1.03–9.28)* | 3.02 (1.01–9.05)* | |
40–44 | 3.88 (1.25-12.00)* | 3.78 (1.22–11.71)* | |
45–49 | 2.51 (0.81–7.74) | 2.44 (0.79–7.51) | |
Women’s educational level | |||
No formal education | Ref | Ref | |
Primary school | 1.84 (0.86–3.94) | 1.73 (0.80–3.74) | |
Secondary school | 3.51 (1.59–7.73)** | 3.29 (1.48–7.35)** | |
Higher | 11.42 (4.76–27.36)*** | 10.62 (4.37–25.81)*** | |
Husband educational level | |||
No formal education | Ref | Ref | |
Primary school | 1.12 (0.37–3.40) | 1.12 (0.36–3.43) | |
Secondary school | 1.73 (0.55–5.41) | 1.72 (0.54–5.45) | |
Higher | 4.33 (1.41–13.24)* | 4.32 (1.40-13.33)* | |
Wealth status | |||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | |
Poorer | 1.75 (0.98–3.12) | 1.66 (0.94–2.94) | |
Middle | 3.83 (2.15–6.81)*** | 3.57 (2.01–6.33)*** | |
Richer | 6.75 (3.71–12.26)*** | 6.19 (3.37–11.36)*** | |
Richest | 12.70 (6.51–24.80)*** | 11.64 (5.68–23.82)*** | |
Parity | |||
One | Ref | Ref | |
2–4 | 1.25 (0.81–1.95) | 1.26 (0.81–1.97) | |
5+ | 0.69 (0.39–1.20) | 0.70 (0.40–1.22) | |
Currently employed | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 2.20 (1.61–3.01)*** | 2.19 (1.60-3.00)*** | |
Media exposure | |||
No | Ref | Ref | |
Yes | 1.78 (1.05–3.01)* | 1.77 (1.05-3.00)* | |
Sex of household head | |||
Male | Ref | Ref | |
Female | 1.47 (1.12–1.93)** | 1.48 (1.13–1.94)** | |
Distance to health facility | |||
Big problem | Ref | Ref | |
Not a big problem | 1.52 (1.16–1.99)** | 1.20 (0.89–1.62) | |
Place of residence | |||
Urban | Ref | Ref | |
Rural | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 1.25 (0.93–1.68) | |
Community literacy level | |||
Low | Ref | Ref | |
Medium | 2.43 (1.80–3.29)*** | 1.06 (0.73–1.55) | |
High | 4.20 (3.07–5.73)*** | 1.47 (1.00-2.15)* | |
Community socioeconomic status | |||
Low | Ref | Ref | |
Medium | 3.07 (2.28–4.14)*** | 1.79 (1.27–2.54)** | |
High | 4.54 (3.33–6.19)*** | 1.13 (0.75–1.70) | |