Table 1 Demographic Characteristics and daily nursing variables of the Participants
Variable | Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) N (%) | Formula Feeding (FF) N (%) | χ 2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic Characteristics | ||||
Infant’s Gender | 0.51 | 0.48 | ||
Boy | 96(51.1) | 76(55.1) | ||
Girl | 92(48.9) | 62(44.9) | ||
Infant’s Ethnicity | \(<\)0.001 | 0.99 | ||
Han Nationality | 150(79.8) | 110(79.7) | ||
Minority Nationality | 38(20.2) | 28(20.3) | ||
Mother’s Age | 1.82 | 0.40 | ||
≤ 24 | 15(8.0) | 14(10.1) | ||
25–35 | 152(80.9) | 103(74.6) | ||
≥36 | 21(11.2) | 21(15.2) | ||
Mother’s Education Level | 4.90 | 0.18 | ||
Completed Junior High School or Less | 21(11.2) | 26(18.8) | ||
Completed Senior High School or Technical Certificate | 32(17.0) | 26(18.8) | ||
Associate Degree | 55(29.3) | 39(28.3) | ||
Bachelor Degree or Above | 80(42.6) | 47(34.1) | ||
Family Structure | 0.59 | 0.74 | ||
Nuclear Family | 73(38.8) | 50(36.2) | ||
Linear Family | 103(54.8) | 81(58.7) | ||
Composite/Single-parent/Reconstituted | 12(6.4) | 7(5.1) | ||
One-child Status | 0.03 | 0.87 | ||
Yes | 121(65.1) | 91(65.9) | ||
No | 65(34.9) | 47(34.1) | ||
Daily Nursing | ||||
Mother Is the Primary Caregiver | 12.57 | \(<\)0.01 | ||
Yes | 182(96.8) | 119(86.2) | ||
No | 6(3.2) | 19(13.8) | ||
Sleeping with Mother | 15.15 | \(<\)0.01 | ||
Yes | 182(96.8) | 117(84.8) | ||
No | 6(3.2) | 21(15.2) | ||
Feeding Interval (hour) | 17.64 | < 0.01 | ||
≤ 2 | 73(38.8) | 24(17.4) | ||
3 | 93(49.5) | 90(65.2) | ||
≥ 4 | 22(11.7) | 24(17.4) | ||
Feeding Durations (min) | 1.65 | 0.44 | ||
≤ 10 | 73(38.8) | 56(40.6) | ||
11–20 | 76(40.4) | 61(44.2) | ||
> 20 | 39(20.7) | 21(15.2) |