Fig. 3

Frontier analysis based on SDI and ASYLDs of GORD in 2019. Black solid lines delineate the frontier; black dots indicate the countries and territories.Black represents the top 15 countries with the largest effective difference (largest GORD DALYs gap from the frontier) while blue represents frontier countries with low SDI (< 0.45) and low effective difference (e.g., Somalia, Niger, Chad, Solomon Islands, Papua, and New Guinea), and red label indicates countries and territories with high SDI (> 0.85) and relatively high effective difference for their level of development (e.g., USA, Finland, Denmark, United Arab Emirates, and Kuwait). A Red dot indicates an increase in age-standardized GORD ASYLDs rates between 1990 and 2019; a blue dot indicates a decrease. GORD, Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; YLDs, Years lived with disability; SDI, socio-demographic index; ASYLDs, age-standardized YLDs