Table 3 Distributions and adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for different factors in each of the eight clusters of sickness absence (SA) sequences spanning 1 year before to 3 years after the pedestrian accident (W₋₅₂ to W₊₁₅₆) among 11,432 individuals aged 20–59 years injured in a traffic-related accident in 2014–2016, using the cluster “No SA” as the reference

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

n (%)

Adj OR¹ (95% CI)

All

5339 (46.7)

2046 (17.9)

445 (3.89)

369 (3.23)

796 (6.96)

1901 (16.63)

233 (2.04)

303 (2.65)

Type of accident

  Collision with pedestrian/bicyclist

307 (5.75)

89 (4.35)

1.28 (0.96–1.70)

21 (4.72)

1.36 (0.83–2.24)

28 (7.59)

1.60 (1.03–2.48)

44 (5.53)

1.70 (1.18–2.45)

79 (4.16)

0.78 (0.60–1.03)

10 (4.29)

0.86 (0.44–1.69)

13 (4.29)

0.87 (0.47–1.60)

  Collision with motor vehicle

777 (14.55)

286 (13.98)

1.54 (1.26–1.87)

57 (12.81)

1.39 (0.98–1.98)

59 (15.99)

1.23 (0.87–1.73)

79 (9.92)

1.12 (0.84–1.50)

256 (13.47)

0.95 (0.79–1.14)

33 (14.16)

0.87 (0.56–1.35)

48 (15.84)

0.91 (0.62–1.33)

  Unspecified

587 (10.99)

163 (7.97)

1.06 (0.85–1.32)

42 (9.44)

1.23 (0.85–1.79)

35 (9.49)

0.93 (0.63–1.39)

61 (7.66)

1.03 (0.76–1.41)

220 (11.57)

1.08 (0.90–1.30)

25 (10.73)

0.93 (0.59–1.49)

33 (10.89)

0.93 (0.61–1.42)

  Fall: snow and ice

1005 (18.82)

600 (29.33)

1.25 (1.05–1.48)

122 (27.42)

1.20 (0.89–1.61)

78 (21.14)

1.08 (0.77–1.50)

249 (31.28)

1.25 (1.00–1.57)

370 (19.46)

0.93 (0.79–1.11)

47 (20.17)

0.79 (0.52–1.19)

58 (19.14)

0.85 (0.58–1.24)

  Fall: slipping, tripping, and stumbling

1938 (36.30)

670 (32.75)

ref

150 (33.71)

ref

130 (35.23)

ref

279 (35.05)

ref

753 (39.61)

ref

102 (43.78)

ref

114 (37.62)

ref

  Fall: other

725 (13.58)

238 (11.63)

1.06 (0.87–1.29)

53 (11.91)

1.12 (0.79–1.58)

39 (10.57)

0.86 (0.59–1.25)

84 (10.55)

1.10 (0.83–1.45)

223 (11.73)

0.97 (0.81–1.16)

16 (6.87)

0.57 (0.33–0.99)

37 (12.21)

0.93 (0.62–1.40)

Type of injury

  Fracture

1549 (29.01)

1477 (72.19)

6.81 (5.71–8.13)

290 (65.17)

4.91 (3.57–6.75)

109 (29.54)

0.91 (0.68–1.23)

503 (63.19)

4.65 (3.63–5.96)

464 (24.41)

0.73 (0.63–0.85)

86 (36.91)

0.94 (0.66–1.35)

109 (35.97)

1.11 (0.80–1.54)

  Dislocation

177 (3.32)

73 (3.57)

2.98 (2.13–4.15)

16 (3.60)

2.37 (1.29–4.35)

13 (3.52)

0.94 (0.51–1.74)

29 (3.64)

2.60 (1.63–4.16)

48 (2.52)

0.75 (0.53–1.06)

-²

-²

-²

-²

  Sprains and strains

890 (16.67)

182 (8.90)

1.45 (1.15–1.83)

57 (12.81)

1.69 (1.13–2.52)

70 (18.97)

1.12 (0.79–1.58)

119 (14.95)

1.90 (1.41–2.57)

353 (18.57)

0.93 (0.78–1.10)

23 (9.87)

0.62 (0.37–1.03)

30 (9.90)

0.90 (0.56–1.43)

  Internal

392 (7.34)

82 (4.01)

3.08 (2.17–4.37)

17 (3.82)

3.04 (1.52–6.08)

33 (8.94)

1.32 (0.82–2.11)

34 (4.27)

3.10 (1.86–5.17)

172 (9.05)

1.27 (1.01–1.61)

20 (8.58)

1.57 (0.86–2.87)

44 (14.52)

1.93 (1.23–3.03)

  External

2213 (41.45)

220 (10.75)

ref

58 (13.03)

ref

136 (36.86)

ref

103 (12.94)

ref

820 (43.14)

ref

88 (37.77)

ref

ref

ref

  Other and unspecified

118 (2.21)

12 (0.59)

1.44 (0.76–2.75)

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

44 (2.31)

1.15 (0.79–1.67)

9 (3.86)

2.38 (1.09–5.18)

-²

-²

Injured body region

  Head, face and neck

1394 (26.11)

155 (7.58)

ref

32 (7.19)

ref

83 (22.49)

ref

61 (7.66)

ref

474 (24.93)

ref

49 (21.03)

ref

97 (32.01)

ref

  Vertebral column and spinal cord

89 (1.67)

35 (1.71)

1.53 (0.92–2.55)

10 (2.25)

2.74 (1.16–6.46)

15 (4.07)

3.13 (1.59–6.15)

13 (1.63)

1.79 (0.86–3.70)

41 (2.16)

1.77 (1.16–2.72)

-²

-²

-²

-²

  Torso

312 (5.84)

68 (3.32)

1.41 (0.97–2.04)

18 (4.04)

2.11 (1.08–4.12)

22 (5.96)

1.27 (0.75–2.13)

31 (3.89)

1.98 (1.18–3.33)

147 (7.73)

1.64 (1.28–2.09)

15 (6.44)

1.65 (0.87–3.15)

17 (5.61)

0.90 (0.50–1.62)

  Upper extremities

1654 (30.98)

938 (45.85)

3.26 (2.48–4.28)

206 (46.29)

4.44 (2.60–7.58)

129 (34.96)

1.74 (1.20–2.52)

344 (43.22)

3.27 (2.18–4.92)

557 (29.30)

1.24 (1.03–1.49)

84 (36.05)

2.01 (1.25–3.26)

93 (30.69)

1.21 (0.81–1.81)

  Lower extremities

1856 (34.76)

847 (41.40)

3.26 (2.49–4.28)

179 (40.22)

4.10 (2.41–6.99)

119 (32.25)

1.32 (0.90–1.92)

347 (43.59)

3.65 (2.44–5.48)

674 (35.46)

1.26 (1.05–1.52)

76 (32.62)

1.64 (1.01–2.65)

87 (28.71)

0.93 (0.62–1.41)

  Other and unspecified

34 (0.64)

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

-²

Occupational sector

  Manufacturing, agriculture, forestry & fishing

556 (10.41)

230 (11.24)

0.97 (0.78–1.20)

48 (10.79)

1.11 (0.74–1.65)

49 (13.28)

1.10 (0.74–1.63)

77 (9.67)

0.96 (0.70–1.31)

165 (8.68)

0.85 (0.68–1.06)

-²

-²

12 (3.96)

0.52 (0.27–1.01)

  Construction

240 (4.50)

147 (7.18)

1.62 (1.24–2.13)

40 (8.99)

2.35 (1.51–3.65)

29 (7.86)

1.46 (0.91–2.35)

38 (4.77)

1.38 (0.92–2.09)

79 (4.16)

1.04 (0.77–1.39)

-²

-²

-²

-²

  Trade, transport, hotels & restaurants

993 (18.60)

427 (20.87)

1.20 (1.00–1.44)

85 (19.10)

1.25 (0.89–1.75)

63 (17.07)

0.86 (0.60–1.24)

150 (18.84)

1.22 (0.94–1.59)

386 (20.31)

1.12 (0.94–1.32)

34 (14.59)

1.17 (0.72–1.91)

22 (7.26)

0.51 (0.30–0.87)

  Finance, communication & cultural service

1447 (27.10)

520 (25.42)

ref

95 (21.35)

ref

85 (23.04)

ref

178 (22.36)

ref

475 (24.99)

ref

45 (19.31)

ref

52 (17.16)

ref

  Education

409 (7.66)

210 (10.26)

1.19 (0.94–1.51)

44 (9.89)

1.20 (0.79–1.83)

33 (8.94)

1.41 (0.89–2.25)

96 (12.06)

1.48 (1.08–2.02)

215 (11.31)

1.45 (1.16–1.80)

21 (9.01)

1.45 (0.80–2.61)

-²

-²

  Health & social care

656 (12.29)

456 (22.29)

1.85 (1.53–2.25)

124 (27.87)

2.45 (1.76–3.41)

75 (20.33)

1.97 (1.36–2.86)

234 (29.40)

2.38 (1.85–3.07)

443 (23.30)

1.73 (1.44–2.07)

46 (19.74)

1.99 (1.24–3.22)

42 (13.86)

1.75 (1.10–2.79)

  Not in work/Unknown

1038 (19.44)

56 (2.74)

0.45 (0.31–0.65)

9 (2.02)

0.32 (0.14–0.72)

35 (9.49)

0.99 (0.57–1.73)

23 (2.89)

0.48 (0.27–0.84)

138 (7.26)

0.61 (0.47–0.81)

75 (32.19)

2.94 (1.57–5.52)

161 (53.14)

1.63 (1.06–2.52)

Type of occupation

  White collar

1974 (36.97)

919 (44.92)

ref

181 (40.67)

ref

133 (36.04)

ref

377 (47.36)

ref

828 (43.56)

ref

72 (30.90)

ref

55 (18.15)

ref

  Blue collar

1314 (24.61)

733 (35.83)

1.93 (1.63–2.27)

175 (39.33)

2.51 (1.88–3.34)

141 (38.21)

1.86 (1.37–2.52)

277 (34.80)

2.03 (1.62–2.53)

555 (29.20)

1.35 (1.15–1.58)

51 (21.89)

1.99 (1.29–3.07)

49 (16.17)

1.48 (0.94–2.33)

  Not in work/Unknown

2051 (38.42)

394 (19.26)

1.05 (0.87–1.26)

89 (20.00)

1.42 (1.02–1.96)

95 (25.75)

1.17 (0.83–1.66)

142 (17.84)

1.05 (0.81–1.35)

518 (27.25)

1.23 (1.04–1.46)

110 (47.21)

2.48 (1.62–3.78)

199 (65.68)

2.13 (1.38–3.29)