Sleep characteristics of middle-aged adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: findings from the Shahrekord PERSIAN cohort study

Zarean, Elaheh; Looha, Mehdi Azizmohammad; Amini, Payam; Ahmadi, Ali; Dugué, Pierre-Antoine

doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15251-4

Table 2 Association between NAFLD status and sleep characteristics using log-binomial models (N = 1320 cases of NAFLD; 7831 non-cases)

From: Sleep characteristics of middle-aged adults with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: findings from the Shahrekord PERSIAN cohort study

Sleep characteristics	Model 0^a		Adjusted models
	Model 0^a		Model 1^b		Model 2^c		Model 3^d		Model 4^e
	RR^* (95% CI)	P	RR^* (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P	RR (95% CI)	P
Sleep duration (hour)	0.95 (0.92,0.99)	0.03	0.98 (0.95,1.02)	0.31	0.97 (0.93,1.00)	0.05	0.99 (0.96,1.03)	0.63	0.98 (0.94,1.03)	0.41
Sleep duration category (hour)
≤ 7	1.25 (1.05,1.51)	0.04	1.08 (0.90,1.30)	0.40	1.20 (0.99,1.44)	0.06	1.06 (0.88,1.27)	0.54	1.11 (0.88,1.40)	0.36
7–9	1.14 (0.94,1.39)	0.47	1.04 (0.86,1.27)	0.68	1.12 (0.92,1.36)	0.27	1.03 (0.85,1.24)	0.79	1.08 (0.85,1.38)	0.55
≥ 9	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Wake-up time category (hour)
≤ 6 a.m	0.76 (0.62,0.94)	0.01	0.82 (0.67,1.00)	0.06	0.93 (0.75,1.14)	0.47	0.93 (0.77,1.13)	0.49	0.99 (0.75,1.29)	0.92
6–9 a.m	0.91 (0.74,1.11)	0.30	0.93 (0.76,1.14)	0.51	1.01 (0.82,1.24)	0.95	1.00 (0.83,1.21)	0.98	1.06 (0.81,1.38)	0.69
≥ 9 a.m	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Bedtime category (hour)
≤ 10 p.m	0.65 (0.56,0.74)	< 0.001	0.79 (0.68,0.91)	0.002	0.80 (0.69,0.93)	0.004	0.92 (0.79,1.06)	0.23	0.92 (0.77,1.10)	0.36
10 p.m.-12 a.m	0.88 (0.79,0.99)	0.04	0.91 (0.82,1.02)	0.11	0.91 (0.82,1.02)	0.12	0.99 (0.89,1.10)	0.89	0.99 (0.86,1.14)	0.85
≥ 12 a.m	Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref		Ref
Bedtime duration (hour)	0.98 (0.94,1.01)	0.73	1.01 (0.98,1.05)	0.49	0.99 (0.95,1.02)	0.45	1.01 (0.98,1.05)	0.43	1.01 (0.96,1.06)	0.70
Sleep efficiency (10%)	0.93 (0.89,0.97)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.88,0.96)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.88,0.97)	0.001	0.95 (0.92,0.99)	0.005	0.92 (0.88,0.98)	0.009
Daytime napping (hours)	1.04 (0.96,1.12)	0.48	1.03 (0.95,1.12)	0.43	1.03 (0.95,1.11)	0.53	1.03 (0.95,1.11)	0.49	1.04 (0.94,1.15)	0.44
Daytime napping (yes/no)	1.29 (1.17,1.44)	< 0.001	1.18 (1.06,1.31)	0.002	1.12 (1.01,1.24)	0.03	1.03 (0.93,1.14)	0.60	1.07 (0.94,1.21)	0.33
Falling asleep unintentionally (yes/no)	1.10 (0.97,1.24)	0.56	1.09 (0.97,1.24)	0.15	1.08 (0.96,1.23)	0.20	1.05 (0.93,1.18)	0.43	1.04 (0.89,1.22)	0.60
Restless legs syndrome (yes/no)	0.81 (0.71,0.93)	0.001	0.78 (0.66,0.92)	0.004	0.78 (0.66,0.93)	0.005	0.85 (0.71,1.02)	0.07	0.87 (0.73,1.04)	0.13
Using sleeping pills (yes/no)	1.57 (1.33,1.86)	< 0.001	1.52 (1.28,1.79)	< 0.001	1.47 (1.24,1.74)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.20,1.93)	0.02	1.48 (1.17,1.88)	0.001

Abbreviations: Risk Ratios and 95% confidence intervals (RR [95% CI]) for estimated using log-binomial regression, Ref. Reference category
^a Model 0: adjusted on a sleeping characteristic, age and sex
^b Model 1: adjusted on a sleeping characteristic variable and demographic variables (sex, age, education, marital status, ethnicity, socioeconomic status)
^c Model 2: Model 1 + lifestyle variables (physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of drugs)
^d Model 3: Model 1 + Model 2 + clinical variables (hypertension, T2D, BMI)
^e Model 4: Model 1 + Model 2 + Model3 + biological variables (LDL, HDL, TG)
Note: Sex, age, marital status, physical activity, hypertension, T2D, BMI and triglycerides were associated with NAFLD in all multivariable log-binomial models
Note: BMI and Age were used as continuous variables in multivariable log-binomial models. Note: P-values were calculated using log-binomial regression

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