Table 1 Empirical review

Uchendu [50]

T-test, multivariate, and Pearson correlation

2005–2014, 14 war-torn SSA countries

Hunger and malnutrition indicators influence life expectancy

Conventional methodology, outdated, limited sample size, and no robustness checks

Asiseh et al. [51]

FE and instrumental variable approach

For various years, middle and low-income countries

Food insecurity has a negative relationship with life expectancy

Out-dated, no basic econometric tests before estimation, no robustness checks, conventional methodology

Justice & Louis [52]

Cointegration and Vector Error Correction Mechanism

1970–2015, Nigeria

Infant mortality is negatively associated with food production

Only one country, outdated data, and conventional estimation technique

Hameed et al. [53]

GMM

2001–2018, developing Asian countries

negative correlation between food insecurity and women and child health outcome,

No basic econometric tests, no robustness checks, and conventional methodology

Banerjee et al. [54]

A Cox proportional hazards model

2005–2015, USA

Food insecurity leads to higher mortality and also cardiovascular mortality

One country and outdated data

Cassidy-Vu, et al. [55]

Multivariable linear regression

For various years, North Carolina

Food insecurity positively correlated with infant mortality

One country, unbalanced data, and conventional methodology