Table 1 Socio-demographic characteristics of children and parents stratified by different behaviors
Characteristics | Self-medication(N = 1944), N(%)a | Hospital visit(N = 2478), N(%)a | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
total | With antibiotics | Without antibiotics | χ2 / t | P value | total | Antibiotic requirement | No antibiotic requirement | χ2 / t | P value | |
Province |  |  |  | 81.391 |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 1.073 | 0.585 |
  Zhejiang | 559(28.8) | 105(18.8) | 454(81.2) |  |  | 716(28.9) | 56(7.8) | 660(92.2) |  |  |
  Guangxi | 689(35.4) | 219(31.8) | 470(68.2) | 863(34.8) | 69(8.0) | 794(92.0) |  |  | ||
  Shaanxi | 696(35.8) | 297(42.7) | 399(57.3) | 899(36.3) | 61(6.8) | 838(93.2) |  |  | ||
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.197 | 0.657 | Â | Â | Â | 1.354 | 0.245 |
  Male | 1000(51.4) | 324(32.4) | 676(67.6) |  |  | 1274(51.4) | 88(6.9) | 1186(93.1) |  |  |
  Female | 944(48.6) | 297(31.5) | 647(68.5) |  |  | 1204(48.6) | 98(8.1) | 1106(91.9) |  |  |
Age(years), Mean(SD) | 5.5(3.1) | 5.6(3.0) | 5.4(3.1) | 1.825 | 0.068 | 5.2(3.3) | 6.3(3.3) | 5.1(3.3) | 4.685 |  < 0.001 |
Parents’ highest level of education |  |  |  | 18.822 |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 16.207 |  < 0.001 |
  Middle school and under | 382(19.7) | 149(39.0) | 233(61.0) |  |  | 604(24.4) | 68(11.2) | 538(88.8) |  |  |
  High school | 515(26.5) | 180(35.0) | 335(65.0) | 701(28.3) | 47(6.7) | 654(93.3) |  |  | ||
  Junior college and above | 1047(53.8) | 292(27.9) | 755(72.1) | 1171(47.3) | 71(6.1) | 1100(93.9) |  |  | ||
Residence | Â | Â | Â | 2.140 | 0.143 | Â | Â | Â | 0.795 | 0.373 |
  Rural | 802(41.3) | 271(33.8) | 531(66.2) |  |  | 1095(44.2) | 88(8.0) | 1007(92.0) |  |  |
  Urban | 1142(58.7) | 350(30.6) | 792(69.4) |  |  | 1383(55.8) | 98(7.1) | 1285(92.9) |  |  |
Average household income (RMB, monthly) |  |  |  | 41.057 |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 5.392 | 0.145 |
   <  = 3000 (US$461) | 374(19.2) | 146(39.0) | 228(61.0) |  |  | 511(20.6) | 50(9.8) | 461(90.2) |  |  |
  3001–5000 (US$462–769) | 592(30.5) | 227(38.3) | 365(61.7) |  |  | 797(32.2) | 58(7.3) | 739(92.7) |  |  |
  5001–10,000 (US$770–1538) | 586(30.1) | 158(27.0) | 428(73.0) |  |  | 742(29.9) | 47(6.3) | 695(93.7) |  |  |
   >  = 10,001 (US$1538) | 392(20.2) | 90(23.0) | 302(77.0) |  |  | 428(17.3) | 31(7.2) | 397(92.8) |  |  |
Parents with medical background | Â | Â | 1.743 | 0.187 | Â | Â | Â | 0.012 | 0.913 | |
  Yes | 277(14.2)) | 79(28.5) | 198(71.5) |  |  | 259(10.5) | 19(7.3) | 240(92.7) |  |  |
  No | 1667(85.8) | 542(32.5) | 1125(67.5) |  |  | 2219(89.5) | 167(7.5) | 2052(92.5) |  |  |
Skills for antibiotic identification | Â | Â | Â | 3.107 | 0.212 | Â | Â | Â | 3.957 | 0.138 |
  Low | 435(22.4) | 132(30.3) | 303(69.7) |  |  | 702(28.3) | 47(6.7) | 655(93.3) |  |  |
  Medium | 964(49.6) | 326(33.8) | 638(66.2) |  |  | 1187(47.9) | 102(8.6) | 1085(91.4) |  |  |
  High | 545(28.0) | 163(29.9) | 382(70.1) |  |  | 589(23.8) | 37(6.3) | 552(93.7) |  |  |
Skills for antibiotic use |  |  |  | 144.862 |  < 0.001 |  |  |  | 24.544 |  < 0.001 |
  Low | 429(22.1) | 220(51.3) | 209(48.7) |  |  | 692(27.9) | 81(11.7) | 611(88.3) |  |  |
  Medium | 808(41.6) | 278(34.4) | 530(65.6) |  |  | 983(39.7) | 60(6.1) | 923(93.9) |  |  |
  High | 707(36.3) | 123(17.4) | 584(82.6) |  |  | 803(32.4) | 45(5.6) | 758(94.4) |  |  |