Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population with a CVD event in the GBD subgroup

N (%)

401(34.04)

777(66.96)

799(7.78)

9467(92.22)

Age (years)

48.70 ± 13.78

41.49 ± 13.04

-8.49

 < 0.001

47.73 ± 13.79

34.70 ± 12.65

-24.76

 < 0.001

Male

131(32.67)

224(28.83)

1.85

0.174

364(45.56)

5154(54.44)

23.40

 < 0.001

Smoking (%)

44(10.97)

98(12.61)

0.67

0.413

96(12.02)

1774(18.74)

22.36

 < 0.001

Drinking (%)

12(3.99)

27(3.47)

0.19

0.661

28(3.50)

481(5.08)

3.89

0.049

Exercise (%)

58(14.46)

181(23.29)

12.75

 < 0.001

117(14.64)

1690(17.85)

5.23

0.022

ECG abnormality (%)

126(31.42)

286(36.81)

3.38

0.066

231(28.91)

2652(28.01)

0.29

0.588

Hypertension (%)

251(62.59)

226(29.09)

123.24

 < 0.001

385(48.19)

2431(25.68)

187.50

 < 0.001

T2DM (%)

64(15.96)

70(9.01)

12.68

 < 0.001

118(4.77)

420(4.44)

158.39

 < 0.001

Hyperbilirubinemia (%)

25(6.23)

65(8.37)

1.7

0.192

66(8.26)

808(8.53)

0.07

0.789

Dyslipidaemia (%)

17(4.24)

41(5.280)

0.61

0.436

89(11.14)

3273(34.57)

183.72

 < 0.001

Overweight (%)

324(80.80)

554(71.30)

12.57

 < 0.001

471(58.95)

5361(56.63)

111.79

 < 0.001

Abdominal obesity (%)

361(90.02)

638(82.11)

12.86

0.001

698(87.36)

6760(71.41)

94.37

 < 0.001

Family history of CVD (%)

78(19.45)

170(21.88)

0.94

0.333

118(14.77)

1403(14.92)

0.00

0.969

TG levels (mmol/L, %)

5.77

0.016

60.83

 < 0.001

 Low (< 1.70)

225(56.11)

492(63.32)

442(55.32)

6509(68.75)

 High (≥ 1.70)

176(43.89)

285(36.68)

357(44.68)

2958(31.25)

TC levels (mmol/L, %)

4.69

0.3

29.28

 < 0.001

 Low (< 5.20)

264(65.84)

559(71.94)

535(66.96)

7157(75.60)

 High (≥ 5.20)

137(34.16)

218(28.06)

264(33.04)

2310(24.40)

LDL levels (mmol/L, %)

0.05

0.826

10.35

0.001

 Low (< 3.40)

323(80.55)

630(81.08)

654(81.85)

8142(86.00)

 High (≥ 3.40)

78(19.45)

147(18.92)

145(18.15)

1325(14.00)

HDLlevels (mmol/L, %)

56.7

 < 0.001

1.72

0.190

 Low (≤ 1.00)

136(33.92)

116(14.93)

52(6.51)

738(7.80)

 High (> 1.00)

265(66.08)

661(85.07)

747(93.49)

8729(92.20)

UA levels (μmol/L, %)

2.87

0.9

0.00

0.968

 Low (< 404.60)

384(95.76)

758(97.55)

775(97.00)

9185(97.02)

 High (≥ 404.60)

17(4.24)

19(2.45)

24(3.00)

282(2.98)

WC (cm)

96.34 ± 12.33

93.10 ± 13.01

-4.47

 < 0.001

96.72 ± 14.00

89.60 ± 12.95

-14.23

 < 0.001

FBG (mmol/l)

5.40 ± 4.35

4.88 ± 1.76

-4.26

 < 0.001

5.30 ± 2.61

4.88 ± 1.52

-1.99

0.047

BMI (kg/m²)

27.83 ± 4.87

26.84 ± 4.77

-3.71

 < 0.001

27.46 ± 4.80

25.28 ± 4.47

-13.07

 < 0.001

TG (mmol/L)

1.98 ± 1.49

1.72 ± 1.26

-3.12

0.002

1.95 ± 1.46

1.63 ± 1.23

-7.96

 < 0.001

TC (mmol/L)

4.83 ± 1.06

4.65 ± 1.19

-3.09

0.002

4.79 ± 1.06

4.64 ± 2.00

-6.41

 < 0.001

UA (μmol/L)

262.30 ± 74.06

249.43 ± 72.90

-2.92

0.004

265.78 ± 70.24

256.06 ± 70.53

-3.74

0.004

SCr (μmol/L)

70.10 ± 15.61

67.69 ± 14.75

-2.19

0.029

70.93 ± 15.52

72.27 ± 14.34

-2.61

0.009

TBIL (μmol/L)

9.58 ± 5.02

10.80 ± 6.28

-4.11

 < 0.001

10.63 ± 6.34

10.58 ± 6.12

-0.09

0.930

IBIL (μmol/L)

6.41 ± 4.80

6.68 ± 6.19

-0.43

0.665

6.94 ± 6.27

6.23 ± 5.64

-3.04

0.002

DBIL (μmol/L)

4.39 ± 3.46

4.51 ± 2.08

-1.52

0.129

4.32 ± 2.07

4.57 ± 2.37

-3.13

0.002

LDL-c (mmol/L)

2.72 ± 0.74

2.68 ± 0.81

-0.6

0.547

4.32 ± 2.07

2.59 ± 0.74

-4.47

 < 0.001

HDL-c (mmol/L)

1.49 ± 0.53

1.47 ± 0.46

-0.51

0.612

1.44 ± 0.51

1.57 ± 0.55

-9.36

 < 0.001

SBP (mmHg)

139.77 ± 19.95

127.44 ± 17.07

-10.49

 < 0.001

138.53 ± 24.16

124.94 ± 17.00

-15.77

 < 0.001

DBP (mmHg)

79.52 ± 13.28

75.16 ± 11.54

-5.57

 < 0.001

79.45 ± 13.87

73.45 ± 11.72

-11.92

 < 0.001

eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m²)

95.60 ± 17.45

102.01 ± 17.84

-5.96

 < 0.001

97.56 ± 17.91

107.20 ± 17.83

-15.69

 < 0.001