Disparities in COVID-19 testing and outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islanders: an observational study in a large health care system

Li, Jiang; Chhoa, Davis; Palaniappan, Latha; Hays, Kevin J.; Pressman, Alice; Wang, Nancy E.

doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15089-w

Table 2 Characteristics of AAPI compared with NHW populations with COVID-19 infection (total n = 31,876)

From: Disparities in COVID-19 testing and outcomes among Asian American and Pacific Islanders: an observational study in a large health care system

	All Lab-confirmed Positive cases		Non-Hispanic White		All Non-Hispanic AAPI		All AAPI vs. NHW	AAPI Subgroups																		AAPI Subgroups
	All Lab-confirmed Positive cases		Non-Hispanic White		All Non-Hispanic AAPI			1. Asian Indian		2. Chinese		3. Filipino		4. Japanese		5. Korean		6. Vietnamese		7. Other Asian		8. Pacific Islander		9. AAPI Mixed Race group
	(N = 31,876)		(N = 24,035)		(N = 7841)			(N = 1742)		(N = 709)		(N = 1723)		(N = 143)		(N = 83)		(N = 270)		(N = 1961)		(N = 616)		(N = 594)
	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	P Value	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	Mean or N	Std or %	P Value
Age in Years	47.9	21.9	49.1	21.9	44.3	21.6	< 0.0001	39.4	19.8	52.8	24.1	48.6	20.1	64.3	21.7	53.8	20.5	46.6	18.8	43.3	21.2	42.9	19.2	33.7	23	< 0.0001
Sex							0.046																			< 0.0001
Female	17,491	54.9	13,112	54.6	4379	55.8		895	51.4	394	55.6	1010	58.6	89	62.2	53	63.9	172	63.7	1081	55.1	361	58.6	324	54.5
Male	14,385	45.1	10,923	45.4	3462	44.2		847	48.6	315	44.4	713	41.4	54	37.8	30	36.1	98	36.3	880	44.9	255	41.4	270	45.5
Age Group							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
< 80	2839	8.9	1933	8	906	11.6		262	15	64	9	122	7.1	5	3.5	4	4.8	18	6.7	200	10.2	55	8.9	176	29.6
18–39	8783	27.6	6334	26.4	2449	31.2		645	37	146	20.6	434	25.2	16	11.2	17	20.5	70	25.9	721	36.8	218	35.4	182	30.6
40–59	10,045	31.5	7498	31.2	2547	32.5		562	32.3	205	28.9	644	37.4	34	23.8	33	39.8	118	43.7	577	29.4	220	35.7	154	25.9
60–79	7724	24.2	6272	26.1	1452	18.5		220	12.6	181	25.5	408	23.7	50	35	19	22.9	51	18.9	354	18.1	110	17.9	59	9.9
80 +	2485	7.8	1998	8.3	487	6.2		53	3	113	15.9	115	6.7	38	26.6	10	12	13	4.8	109	5.6	13	2.1	23	3.9
Insurance							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
Commercial insurance	18,402	57.7	13,574	56.5	4828	61.6		1265	72.6	383	54	1118	64.9	76	53.1	50	60.2	157	58.1	989	50.4	339	55	451	75.9
Medicaid	2511	7.9	1783	7.4	728	9.3		147	8.4	36	5.1	93	5.4	2	1.4	4	4.8	38	14.1	280	14.3	83	13.5	45	7.6
Medicare	7087	22.2	5943	24.7	1144	14.6		156	9	181	25.5	301	17.5	59	41.3	22	26.5	37	13.7	260	13.3	72	11.7	56	9.4
Self-paying or Other/Not Reported	3876	12.2	2735	11.4	1141	14.6		174	10	109	15.4	211	12.2	6	4.2	7	8.4	38	14.1	432	22	122	19.8	42	7.1
Median Household Income							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
< $50,000	6024	18.9	4721	19.6	1303	16.6		205	11.8	101	14.2	168	9.8	15	10.5	7	8.4	37	13.7	586	29.9	110	17.9	74	12.5
$50,000–99,999	21,842	68.5	16,473	68.5	5369	68.5		1082	62.1	387	54.6	1420	82.4	85	59.4	52	62.7	198	73.3	1249	63.7	469	76.1	427	71.9
$100,000–149,999	3396	10.7	2355	9.8	1041	13.3		419	24.1	196	27.6	120	7	38	26.6	22	26.5	31	11.5	112	5.7	32	5.2	71	12
> = $150,000	318	1	236	1	82	1		26	1.5	20	2.8	4	0.2	3	2.1	1	1.2	2	0.7	8	0.4			18	3
Unknown	296	0.9	250	1	46	0.6		10	0.6	5	0.7	11	0.6	2	1.4	1	1.2	2	0.7	6	0.3	5	0.8	4	0.7
CCI							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
No comorbidity: CCI = 0	6196	19.4	4466	18.6	1730	22.1		535	30.7	158	22.3	336	19.5	24	16.8	20	24.1	66	24.4	347	17.7	92	14.9	152	25.6
Mild: CCI = 1–2	9468	29.7	7127	29.7	2341	29.9		482	27.7	208	29.3	593	34.4	43	30.1	27	32.5	74	27.4	522	26.6	193	31.3	199	33.5
Moderate: CCI = 3–4	2918	9.2	2306	9.6	612	7.8		84	4.8	85	12	189	11	18	12.6	7	8.4	15	5.6	123	6.3	58	9.4	33	5.6
Severe: CCI > = 5	3430	10.8	2778	11.6	652	8.3		81	4.6	82	11.6	177	10.3	32	22.4	9	10.8	25	9.3	136	6.9	73	11.9	37	6.2
Unknown	9864	30.9	7358	30.6	2506	32		560	32.1	176	24.8	428	24.8	26	18.2	20	24.1	90	33.3	833	42.5	200	32.5	173	29.1
Smoking Status							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
Current smoker	1961	6.2	1669	6.9	292	3.7		38	2.2	16	2.3	70	4.1	10	7	3	3.6	7	2.6	76	3.9	39	6.3	33	5.6
Former smoker	6440	20.2	5428	22.6	1012	12.9		110	6.3	83	11.7	339	19.7	47	32.9	16	19.3	28	10.4	192	9.8	119	19.3	78	13.1
Non-smoker	20,249	63.5	14,689	61.1	5560	70.9		1440	82.7	508	71.7	1148	66.6	82	57.3	54	65.1	189	70	1310	66.8	376	61	453	76.3
Unknown	3226	10.1	2249	9.4	977	12.5		154	8.8	102	14.4	166	9.6	4	2.8	10	12	46	17	383	19.5	82	13.3	30	5.1
Obesity							< 0.0001																			< 0.0001
Unknown	12,762	40	9441	39.3	3321	42.4		616	35.4	294	41.5	641	37.2	36	25.2	30	36.1	112	41.5	1102	56.2	289	46.9	201	33.8
Underweight (BMI < 18.5)	962	3	612	2.5	350	4.5		94	5.4	39	5.5	54	3.1	3	2.1	2	2.4	7	2.6	61	3.1	13	2.1	77	13
Normal (BMI 18.5–29)	5233	16.4	3737	15.5	1496	19.1		408	23.4	195	27.5	309	17.9	46	32.2	22	26.5	79	29.3	286	14.6	40	6.5	111	18.7
Overweight (BMI 25–29.9)	6114	19.2	4582	19.1	1532	19.5		410	23.5	138	19.5	411	23.9	34	23.8	16	19.3	52	19.3	279	14.2	90	14.6	102	17.2
(BMI > = 30)	6805	21.3	5663	23.6	1142	14.6		214	12.3	43	6.1	308	17.9	24	16.8	13	15.7	20	7.4	233	11.9	184	29.9	103	17.3
Cancer	1318	4.1	1160	4.8	158	2	< 0.0001	31	1.8	19	2.7	37	2.1	12	8.4	1	1.2	10	3.7	18	0.9	15	2.4	15	2.5	< 0.0001
Hypertension	7254	22.8	5677	23.6	1577	20.1	< 0.0001	253	14.5	153	21.6	509	29.5	57	39.9	17	20.5	51	18.9	316	16.1	131	21.3	90	15.2	< 0.0001
Type2 diabetes	3346	10.5	2340	9.7	1006	12.8	< 0.0001	163	9.4	74	10.4	343	19.9	30	21	7	8.4	39	14.4	202	10.3	100	16.2	48	8.1	< 0.0001
Asthma	2490	7.8	1903	7.9	587	7.5	0.217	121	6.9	36	5.1	189	11	17	11.9	3	3.6	18	6.7	103	5.3	47	7.6	53	8.9	< 0.0001
COPD	3640	11.4	2912	12.1	728	9.3	< 0.0001	149	8.6	51	7.2	227	13.2	21	14.7	6	7.2	28	10.4	132	6.7	55	8.9	59	9.9	< 0.0001
Other chronic respiratory diseases	12,935	40.6	9750	40.6	3185	40.6	0.933	689	39.6	282	39.8	765	44.4	66	46.2	30	36.1	103	38.1	758	38.7	237	38.5	255	42.9	0.01
Hospitalized	4492	14.1	3305	13.8	1187	15.1	0.002	107	6.1	157	22.1	295	17.1	38	26.6	16	19.3	47	17.4	366	18.7	102	16.6	59	9.9	< 0.0001
ICU (out of all 4492 hospitalized patients)	1138	25.3	832	25.2	306	25.8	0.681	22	20.6	30	19.1	83	28.1	4	10.5	2	12.5	10	21.3	109	29.8	32	31.4	14	23.7	0.025
Death (out of all 4492 hospitalized patients)	1068	23.8	798	24.1	270	22.7	0.332	15	14	51	32.5	68	23.1	16	42.1	3	18.8	6	12.8	82	22.4	16	15.7	13	22	0.001

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