Socioeconomic inequality in informal payments for health services among Iranian households: a national pooled study

Yahyavi Dizaj, Jafar; Khoramrooz, Maryam; Ramezani-Doroh, Vajihe; Rezaei, Satar; Hashempour, Reza; Irandoust, Kamran; Soltani, Shahin; Kazemi-Karyani, Ali

doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15071-6

Table 3 Decomposition analysis of socioeconomic inequality in informal payments among Iranian households, 2016–18

From: Socioeconomic inequality in informal payments for health services among Iranian households: a national pooled study

Variables	Coefficient	ME	Elasticity	CI (C_k)	AC	PC	SPC
Sex (RC: Female)
Male	0.233	0.016	0.176	0.334	0.059	45.8	45.8
Age of Head of Household (RC: > 65 years)
≤ 35	0.243	0.017	0.036	-0.134	-0.005	-3.8	1.7
36–50	0.091	0.006	0.028	0.115	0.003	2.5
51–65	0.131	0.009	0.034	0.115	0.004	3
Education of head of household (RC: Academic)
Illiterate	0.498	0.034	0.083	-0.505	-0.042	-32.7	-29.1
Non academic	0.204	0.014	0.111	0.041	0.005	3.5	-29.1
Employment of head of household (RC: Unemployed)
Employed	-0.107	-0.007	-0.060	0.120	-0.007	-5.6	-5.6
Place of residence (RC: Rural)
Urban	0.233	0.016	0.111	-0.033	-0.004	-2.8	-2.8
Income quintiles (RC: 5^th)
1^st	-1.192	-0.082	-0.144	-0.919	0.133	103.1	156.1
2^nd	-0.674	-0.046	-0.102	-0.602	0.061	47.5
3^rd	-0.544	-0.037	-0.092	-0.215	0.020	15.4
4^th	-0.282	-0.019	-0.052	0.243	-0.013	-9.8
Having an < 12 years old member in household (RC: No)
Yes	0.125	0.009	0.046	0.019	0.001	0.7	0.7
Having an > 65 years old member in household (RC: No)
Yes	0.444	0.031	0.089	-0.176	-0.016	-12.2	-12.2
Having a member with special disease in household (RC: No)
Yes	0.562	0.039	0.009	0.188	0.002	1.3	1.3
Health insurance coverage (RC: No)
Yes	0.052	0.004	0.034	0.041	0.001	1.1	1.1
Year of Survey (RC: 2018(
2016	1.011	0.070	0.252	-0.165	-0.042	-32.4	-31.2
2017	0.831	0.057	0.213	0.008	0.002	1.3	-31.2
Province (RC: Alborz)
Markazi	0.336	0.023	0.006	-0.128	-0.001	-0.6	23.9
Guilan	-2.084	-0.144	-0.066	-0.125	0.008	6.4
Mazandaran	-0.916	-0.063	-0.037	0.096	-0.004	-2.8
Azerbaijan, East	-.558	-0.038	-0.027	-0.108	0.003	2.3
Azerbaijan, West	0.719	0.050	0.021	-0.257	-0.005	-4.2
Kermanshah	0.491	0.034	0.011	-0.063	-0.001	-0.5
Khuzestan	-1.699	-0.117	-0.079	0.026	-0.002	-1.6
Fars	0.181	0.012	0.009	0.029	0.0003	.02
Kerman	-0.196	-0.013	-0.006	-0.465	0.003	2.2
Khorasan, Razavi	-0.027	-0.002	-0.002	-0.096	0.0002	0.1
Isfahan	0.158	0.011	0.010	0.057	0.001	0.5
Sistan and Baluchestan	-2.123	-0.147	-0.039	-0.420	0.016	12.7
Kurdistan	0.500	0.034	0.007	-0.119	-0.001	-0.7
Hamadan	0.419	0.029	0.008	-0.156	-0.001	-0.9
Chahar Mahaal and Bakhtiari	0.841	0.058	0.008	0.012	0.0001	0.1
Lorestan	0.133	0.009	0.002	-0.193	-0.0005	-0.4
Ilam	-0.377	-0.026	-0.002	-0.207	0.0004	0.4
Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad	0.796	0.055	0.005	-0.092	-0.0004	-0.4
Bushehr	0.299	0.021	0.003	0.040	0.0001	0.1
Zanjan	-1.380	-0.095	-0.015	-0.120	0.002	1.4
Semnan	-0.032	-002	-0.000	-0.272	0.0001	0.1
Yazd	-1.581	-0.109	-0.018	0.018	-0.0003	-0.3
Hormozgan	0.103	0.007	0.002	-0.048	-0.00001	-0.1
Tehran	0.194	0.013	0.029	0.426	0.014	10.5
Ardabil	0.990	0.68	0.029	-0.155	-0.002	-1.8
Qom	-0.536	-0.37	-0.008	-0.012	0.0001	0.1
Qazvin	-1.455	-0.1	-0.022	-0.048	0.001	0.8
Golestan	0.175	-0.012	-.004	-0.244	-0.001	-0.7
Khorasan, North	0.503	0.035	0.005	-0.237	-0.001	-0.8
Khorasan, South	-0.729	0.050	0.006	-0.427	0.002	1.9
Explained					0.193		149.6
Residual					-0.064		-49.6
Total					0.129		100

Abbreviations: RC Reference Category, ME Marginal effect, CI Concentration Index (C_k), AC Absolute contribution, SPC Summed percentage contribution

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