From: Illnesses and hardship financing in India: an evaluation of inpatient and outpatient cases, 2014-18
Outpatient | Model 1 2014 | Model 2 2018 | Model 3 (Pooled) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VARIABLES | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Odds ratio | 95% CI |
Ailment | ||||||
  Infection® | ||||||
  Cancer | 6.11*** | (2.95 - 12.64) | 3.07*** | (2.14 - 4.40) | 3.53*** | (2.57 - 4.83) |
  Blood Disease | 1.70 | (0.89 - 3.27) | 1.34 | (0.85 - 2.12) | 1.45** | (1.00 - 2.11) |
  Endocrine | 0.79 | (0.58 - 1.06) | 0.81** | (0.66 - 1.00) | 0.81** | (0.68 - 0.96) |
  Psychiatric | 1.53*** | (1.11 - 2.10) | 1.32** | (1.03 - 1.68) | 1.40*** | (1.15 - 1.70) |
  Genito-urinary | 1.49 | (0.91 - 2.44) | 1.85*** | (1.32 - 2.58) | 1.75*** | (1.33 - 2.30) |
  Eye | 0.86 | (0.45 - 1.64) | 1.06 | (0.66 - 1.70) | 0.99 | (0.68 - 1.44) |
  Ear | 0.35 | (0.09 - 1.45) | 0.60 | (0.24 - 1.50) | 0.52* | (0.24 - 1.12) |
  Cardio-vascular | 0.84 | (0.63 - 1.11) | 0.90 | (0.74 - 1.10) | 0.88 | (0.75 - 1.04) |
  Respiratory | 0.87 | (0.68 - 1.12) | 0.93 | (0.76 - 1.14) | 0.91 | (0.78 - 1.06) |
  Gastro-intestinal | 1.52*** | (1.13 - 2.05) | 1.22 | (0.94 - 1.59) | 1.36*** | (1.12 - 1.66) |
  Skin | 1.03 | (0.64 - 1.67) | 1.02 | (0.70 - 1.50) | 1.01 | (0.75 - 1.36) |
  Musculo-Skeletal | 1.03 | (0.77 - 1.37) | 1.08 | (0.86 - 1.35) | 1.07 | (0.90 - 1.27) |
  Obstetric | 3.81*** | (1.89 - 7.68) | 1.65 | (0.82 - 3.30) | 2.37*** | (1.46 - 3.86) |
  Injuries | 3.34*** | (2.24 - 4.99) | 2.33*** | (1.71 - 3.17) | 2.59*** | (2.03 - 3.30) |
  Others | 1.41 | (0.91 - 2.19) | 1.75*** | (1.22 - 2.49) | 1.62*** | (1.23 - 2.13) |
Gender | ||||||
  Male® | ||||||
  Female | 0.98 | (0.85 - 1.13) | 0.90* | (0.82 - 1.00) | 0.93* | (0.85 - 1.00) |
Education Status | ||||||
  Graduation and above ® | ||||||
  Illiterate | 2.29*** | (1.50 - 3.49) | 1.61*** | (1.27 - 2.04) | 1.75*** | (1.43 - 2.15) |
  Less than primary education | 2.40*** | (1.56 - 3.71) | 1.52*** | (1.18 - 1.96) | 1.72*** | (1.38 - 2.13) |
  Completed primary education | 2.25*** | (1.46 - 3.46) | 1.46*** | (1.13 - 1.87) | 1.62*** | (1.31 - 2.01) |
  Middle school completed | 1.95*** | (1.26 - 3.01) | 1.43*** | (1.11 - 1.84) | 1.52*** | (1.23 - 1.89) |
  Completed secondary or higher secondary | 1.27 | (0.81 - 1.97) | 1.16 | (0.91 - 1.48) | 1.18 | (0.96 - 1.46) |
Type of Employment | ||||||
  Household without income® | ||||||
  Casual labour | 0.31*** | (0.26 - 0.37) | 0.25*** | (0.22 - 0.29) | 0.29*** | (0.26 - 0.32) |
  Self-employed | 0.39*** | (0.31 - 0.48) | 0.27*** | (0.23 - 0.31) | 0.32*** | (0.28 - 0.36) |
  Regular wage | 0.74*** | (0.61 - 0.90) | 0.29*** | (0.25 - 0.33) | 0.41*** | (0.37 - 0.47) |
Income Quintile | ||||||
  Rich® | ||||||
  Poorest | 2.17*** | (1.75 - 2.69) | 1.54*** | (1.31 - 1.81) | 1.74*** | (1.53 - 1.98) |
  Poor | 1.26** | (1.02 - 1.56) | 1.35*** | (1.14 - 1.60) | 1.30*** | (1.14 - 1.48) |
  Middle | 1.07 | (0.84 - 1.36) | 1.19** | (1.03 - 1.39) | 1.17** | (1.03 - 1.33) |
  Richest | 0.86 | (0.69 - 1.05) | 0.84** | (0.73 - 0.98) | 0.84*** | (0.74 - 0.95) |
Living condition Index | ||||||
  Low® | ||||||
  High | 0.83** | (0.70 - 0.99) | 0.94 | (0.84 - 1.06) | 0.89** | (0.81 - 0.98) |
Chronic Diseases | ||||||
  Suffered® | ||||||
  Did not suffer | 0.92 | (0.76 - 1.12) | 1.01 | (0.86 - 1.17) | 0.97 | (0.86 - 1.09) |
Location | ||||||
  Rural® | ||||||
  Urban | 0.99 | (0.85 - 1.17) | 0.95 | (0.84 - 1.06) | 1.02 | (0.93 - 1.11) |
Religion | ||||||
  Others ® | ||||||
  Hinduism | 1.15 | (0.72 - 1.82) | 1.74*** | (1.22 - 2.49) | 1.48*** | (1.12 - 1.96) |
  Islam | 1.28 | (0.79 - 2.09) | 1.96*** | (1.35 - 2.86) | 1.67*** | (1.24 - 2.24) |
  Christianity | 1.68* | (0.99 - 2.87) | 1.62** | (1.08 - 2.44) | 1.61*** | (1.17 - 2.22) |
Social Group | ||||||
  SC/ST ® | ||||||
  OBC | 1.23** | (1.03 - 1.47) | 1.00 | (0.87 - 1.13) | 1.09 | (0.98 - 1.21) |
  Others | 1.02 | (0.83 - 1.25) | 0.96 | (0.84 - 1.11) | 1.00 | (0.89 - 1.12) |
Type of Medical Institution | ||||||
  Public® | ||||||
  Private | 1.56*** | (1.24 - 1.96) | 0.72*** | (0.62 - 0.83) | 0.92 | (0.82 - 1.04) |
Age Group | ||||||
  Children® | ||||||
  Working age | 1.46*** | (1.13 - 1.89) | 1.35*** | (1.11 - 1.63) | 1.39*** | (1.20 - 1.62) |
  Elderly | 1.73*** | (1.33 - 2.24) | 1.30*** | (1.07 - 1.59) | 1.45*** | (1.24 - 1.70) |
State Regions | ||||||
  South zone ® | ||||||
  North zone | 0.62*** | (0.50 - 0.78) | 0.72*** | (0.62 - 0.84) | 0.70*** | (0.62 - 0.79) |
  East zone | 0.94 | (0.78 - 1.14) | 0.75*** | (0.65 - 0.86) | 0.81*** | (0.72 - 0.91) |
  West zone | 0.63*** | (0.50 - 0.80) | 0.53*** | (0.44 - 0.63) | 0.56*** | (0.49 - 0.65) |
  Central zone | 0.67** | (0.47 - 0.96) | 0.81* | (0.64 - 1.02) | 0.77*** | (0.64 - 0.94) |
  North-east zone | 0.22*** | (0.10 - 0.50) | 0.46*** | (0.32 - 0.65) | 0.39*** | (0.28 - 0.53) |
  Union Territories | 0.66** | (0.44 - 0.99) | 0.31*** | (0.23 - 0.42) | 0.40*** | (0.32 - 0.51) |
Free Advice | ||||||
  Yes® | ||||||
  No | 0.89 | (0.71 - 1.12) | 0.51*** | (0.44 - 0.59) | 0.60*** | (0.53 - 0.68) |
Marital Status | ||||||
  Unmarried ® | ||||||
  Married | 0.90 | (0.76 - 1.06) | 0.87** | (0.77 - 0.97) | 0.88*** | (0.80 - 0.96) |
Year | ||||||
  2014® | ||||||
  2018 |  |  |  |  | 1.51*** | (1.38 - 1.64) |
  Constant | 0.02*** | (0.01 - 0.04) | 0.13*** | (0.08 - 0.21) | 0.05*** | (0.03 - 0.08) |
  Observations | 26,757 |  | 38,188 |  | 64,945 |  |