Table 1 Descriptive statistics of the analytical sample (n = 21,165)

Cognitive test score

0.01

2.36

Age (at baseline test)

66.97

8.83

Black

0.40

–

Female

0.56

–

Education: less than high school

0.09

–

Education: high school

0.24

–

Education: some college

0.27

–

Education: college or higher

0.41

–

Metropolitan type: core

0.88

–

Tract: proportion Black

0.42

0.35

Tract: proportion earning below poverty line

0.19

0.13

Tract: proportion of housing owner occupied

0.63

0.21

Lack of walkability

9.05

3.88

Proportion of highways

0.10

0.08

Having polluting sites in the neighborhood

0.17

–

Years since baseline test

3.51

3.20

Population density (cubic root)

13.43

6.27

Number of cognitive tests

2.66

1.52