Table 1 PWIA mean values by socio-demographic variables

Gender

 Male

373

50.5

56.7

54.9–58.4

t = 4.84

44.9

42.1–47.8

t = 4.76

 Female

366

49.5

50.7

49.1–52.4

p < .001

34.6

31.5–37.8

p < .001

Age groups ^a

 18–24

129

17.5

56.6

53.9–59.4

F = 4.21

43.6

38.3–49.0

F = 3.06

 25–29

133

18.0

54.0

51.2–56.7

p < .001

38.9

34.0–43.9

p < .01

 30–34

146

19.8

55.6

53.0–58.3

42.5

37.8–47.3

 35–39

185

25.0

54.1

51.6–56.6

41.8

37.6–46.1

 40–44

74

10.0

50.1

45.8–54.4

34.3

27.3–41.3

 ≥ 45

72

9.7

47.0

42.8–51.1

29.7

22.7–36.7

Education Level

 Illiterate

335

45.3

51.1

49.4–52.9

t = 3.86

35.5

32.2–38.8

t = 3.64

 Elementary school and higher

404

54.7

55.9

54.2–57.6

p < .001

43.4

40.6–46.3

p < .001

Education Level of the Spouse

 Illiterate

336

45.5

56.5

54.6–58.3

t = 4.02

44.5

41.5–47.5

t = 3.95

 Elementary school or higher

403

54.5

51.5

49.9–53.1

p < .001

36.0

33.0–39.0

p < .001

Number of children

 None

34

4.6

56.3

50.9–61.8

F = 2.86

47.9

37.2–58.7

F = 2.29

 1

77

10.4

57.6

53.7–61.6

p < .014

46.2

39.1–53.4

p < .05

 2

120

16.2

54.5

51.7–57.4

39.6

34.2–44.9

 3

144

19.5

55.1

52.5–57.6

40.4

35.9–44.9

 4

121

16.4

54.3

51.1–57.5

41.5

35.8–47.2

 ≥ 5

243

32.9

50.7

48.5–52.9

35.6

31.9–39.3

Permanent Residence

 Rural Area

63

8.5

47.9

43.7–52.1

t = 2.88

31.3

24.2–38.4

t = 2.39

 Urban

676

91.5

54.3

53.0–55.6

p < .01

40.6

38.4–42.9

p < .02

Smoking status

 Non-smoker

427

57.8

51.2

49.6–52.7

t = 4.93

35.5

32.6–38.4

t = 4.72

 Smoker

312

42.2

57.3

55.4–59.1

p < .001

45.8

42.7–48.9

p < .001

Presence of ongoing health issues

 No

610

82.5

59.2

58.2–60.3

t = 27.05

48.2

46.2–50.3

t = 21.02

 Yes

129

17.5

27.8

27.2–28.3

p < .001

.2

-0.2–0.7

p < .001

Total

739

100.0

53.7

52.5–55.0

39.8

37.7–42.0