Characteristics and risk exposures | Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases (n = 403) | Controls (n = 47) | OR (95% CI) | Cases (n = 199) | Controls (n = 43) | OR (95% CI) | |
Age, years, median (range) | 42 (17–94) | 32 (18–63) | –a | 59 (19–96) | 32 (17–63) | –a |
Residents in metropolitan area, n (%) | 266 (66.0) | 35 (74.5) | 0.67 (0.33–1.32) | 119 (59.8) | 32 (74.4) | 0.51 (0.24–1.07) |
History of viral hepatitis, n (%) | 61 (17.9) | 2 (4.6) | 4.58 (1.08–19.41) | 20 (12.6) | 0 (0) | undefinedb |
Hepatitis A | 4 (1.0) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Hepatitis B | 46 (11.4) | 0 (0) | undefinedb | 12 (6.0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Hepatitis C | 15 (3.7) | 2 (4.3) | 0.87 (0.19–3.93) | 9 (4.5) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Hepatitis D | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Hepatitis E | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
History of STIs, n (%) | 112 (27.8) | 1 (2.1) | 17.70 (2.41–129.93) | 3 (1.5) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Syphilis | 52 (12.9) | 0 (0) | undefinedb | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Gonorrhea | 10 (2.5) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Condyloma accuminatum | 7 (1.7) | 0 (0) | undefined | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Genital Chlamydia trachomatis | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Genital rash | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
HIV | 82 (20.4) | 0 (0) | undefinedb | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Risk exposures in recent 6 months, n (%) | 260 (64.5) | 28 (59.6) | 1.23 (0.67–2.29) | 138 (69.5) | 24 (55.8) | 1.79 (0.91–3.51) |
Condomless sex | 91 (22.6) | 11 (23.4) | 0.95 (0.47–1.95) | 19 (9.6) | 8 (18.6) | 0.46 (0.19–1.14) |
Healthcare-associated risk exposures | 160 (39.7) | 10 (21.3) | 2.43 (1.18–5.04) | 119 (59.8) | 17 (39.5) | 2.28 (1.16–4.46) |
Intravenous infusions | 89 (22.1) | 2 (4.3) | 6.38 (1.52–26.80) | 67 (33.7) | 9 (21.0) | 1.92 (0.87–4.23) |
Dental procedures | 49 (12.2) | 7 (14.9) | 0.79 (0.34–1.86) | 37 (18.6) | 6 (14.0) | 1.41 (0.55–3.58) |
Surgery | 24 (6.0) | 1 (2.1) | 2.91 (0.39–22.04) | 23 (11.6) | 1 (2.3) | 5.49 (0.72–41.80) |
Blood transfusion | 18 (4.5) | 0 (0) | undefined | 20 (10.1) | 2 (4.7) | 2.29 (0.51–10.19) |
Hemodialysis | 22 (5.5) | 0 (0) | undefined | 17 (8.5) | 0 (0) | undefinedb |
Transplant | 1 (0.3) | 0 (0) | undefined | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Acupuncture | 17 (4.2) | 2 (4.3) | 0.99 (0.22–4.43) | 11 (5.5) | 2 (4.7) | 1.20 (0.26–5.62) |
Sharing razors or tooth brush | 16 (4.0) | 2 (4.3) | 0.93 (0.21–4.18) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Piercing | 11 (2.7) | 1 (2.1) | 1.29 (0.16–10.22) | 4 (2.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0.86 (0.09–7.91) |
People who inject drugs | 9 (2.2) | 0 (0) | undefined | 4 (2.0) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Sharing needles or other paraphernalia | 3 (0.7) | 0 (0) | undefined | 1 (0.5) | 0 (0) | undefined |
Occupational needle stick injuries | 7 (1.7) | 0 (0) | undefined | 3 (1.5) | 2 (4.7) | 0.31 (0.05–1.94) |
Non-occupational needle stick injuries | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | undefined |