Skip to main content

Table 4 Study outcomes at baseline, endline, and percent change by intervention arm

From: Effectiveness of an integrated multilevel early child development intervention on caregiver knowledge and behavior: a quasi-experimental evaluation of the Malezi program in Tanzania

 

Baseline (BL), n = 1004

Endline (EL), n = 1004

Column

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

RM only

RMV-ECD

p-value* (col 2 vs 3)

RM only

p-value** (col 2 vs 5)

RMV-ECD

p-value** (col 3 vs 8)

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

% increase from BL

N (%)

% increase from BL

Early child development knowledge

 Poor (< 2)

350 (72.3)

332 (63.9)

0.004

322 (66.4)

+ 5.9

0.031

146 (28.1)

+ 35.8

<.0001

 Good (2–6)

134 (27.7)

188 (36.1)

 

163 (33.6)

  

374 (71.9)

 

Early stimulation practices

 Poor (< 50%)

317 (65.4)

289 (55.6)

0.001

315 (65.1)

+ 0.4

0.886

241 (46.5)

+ 9.1

0.042

 Good (> 50%)

167 (34.5)

231 (44.4)

 

169 (34.9)

  

277 (53.5)

 

Father engagement

 Poor (< 2)

319 (65.9)

339 (65.2)

0.811

344 (70.9)

−5.0

0.069

304 (58.5)

+ 6.7

0.015

 Good (2–6)

165 (34.1)

181 (34.8)

 

141 (29.1)

  

216 (41.5)

 

Responsive care

 Poor (< 5)

182 (50.1)

268 (62.2)

0.001

178 (50.4)

−.0.3

0.866

193 (46.5)

+ 15.7

0.0002

 Good (5–6)

181 (49.9)

163 (37.8)

 

175 (49.6)

  

222 (53.5)

 

Environment/household safety

 Poor (> 0.3)

295 (61.0)

201 (38.7)

<.0001

208 (42.9)

+ 18.1

<.0001

182 (35.0)

+ 3.7

0.213

 Good (< 0.3)

189 (39.0)

319 (61.3)

 

277 (57.1)

  

338 (65.0)

 
  1. * Chi-square test of distributions of caregivers in MR and RMV-ECD arms at baseline (independent samples)
  2. ** McNemar’s test of caregiver pairs (dependent samples)
  3. Description of study outcomes (cut-point for categorical variables is median and each item scores 1 point, unless otherwise specified):
  4. • ECD knowledge: Number of known age-appropriate stimulation activities (6 items)
  5. • ES practices: Proportion of age-appropriate stimulation activities done with child on a weekly basis (3 items for infants < 6 months; 6 items for 6+ months; standardized score to 0–1 scale)
  6. • Father engagement: Number of activities father engaged in past week (6 items; cut-point at top tertile)
  7. • Responsive care: Interviewer-observed responsive care behaviors (4 items, scoring 0–6 points)
  8. • Environment/household safety: Interview-observed environmental or HH (inside/outside) risks (13 items)