Table 4 Studies reporting adjusted prevalence of MLTCs multiple conditions across ethnic groups
Study ID | Region | Data Source | Sample size | No. of Ethnic Categories | No. of conditions | Types of conditions | Index condition | Covariates | Effect measure ORs/Prevalence and 95% CI Reference: White Ethnicity | Overall Study Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dorrington et al., 2020 [79] | Local | Lambeth Datanet | 326,415 | Asian, Black African, Black Caribbean, Black other, mixed, other, white | 13 | Epilepsy, Chronic Pain, Depression, Vascular, Cancer, Cardiac Disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Severe Mental Illness, Hypertension, Diabetes, Obesity, Respiratory Disease, Learning Disability | - | age, gender, deprivation | Black African: 1.92 (1.75–2.10) Black Caribbean: 2.83 (2.56–3.14) Mixed: 1.50 (1.31–1.72) Black Other: 2.22 (1.87–2.64) | High |
Mathur et al., 2020 [84] | National | CPRD data | 179,886 | Black, South Asian, white | 8 | Diabetes, Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease (Angina/Myocardial Infarction), Heart Failure, Chronic Kidney Disease, Retinopathy, Neuropathy | Diabetes | age, sex, deprivation | South Asian: 0.88 (0.80–0.96) Black: 0.50 (0.43–0.58) | High |
Ashworth et al., 2019 [80] | Local | Primary care records | 332,353 | Black, mixed,other, South Asian, white | 12 | Atrial Fibrillation, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Pain, Chronic Kidney Disease, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes Mellitus, Dementia, Depression, Heart Failure, Serious Mental Illness, Stroke, Morbid Obesity | - | age, gender, deprivation, cardiovascular risk | South Asian: 1.44 (1.29–1.61) Black: 0.86 (0.80–0.92) | High |
Owusu Adjah et al., 2018 [86] | National | THIN data | 341,626 | African-Caribbean, South Asian, Western European | 5 | Diabetes, Myocardial Infarction, Heart Failure, Stroke, Cancer | Diabetes | age, sex | Normal BMI W. Europeans: 10.4% (9.5, 11.3) South Asians: 6.8% (4.8, 9.5) African-Caribbeans: 6.4% (4.0, 10.4) | High |
Mathur et al., 2011 [27] | Local | Primary care records | 99,648 | Black, other, South Asian, white | 5 | Hypertension, Ischaemic Heart Disease, Heart Failure, Stroke, And Diabetes | - | age, sex | South Asian: 2.4 (1.94–2.15) Black: 1.23 (1.18–1.29) | High |
Roderick et al., 2009 [55] | National | UK Renal Registry data | 5901 | Black, South Asian, Caucasian | 8 | Established Renal Failure, Coronary Heart Disease, Diabetes, Any Vascular Disease, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Smoking, Any Malignancy, Chronic Liver Disease | Established Renal Failure | age | South Asian: 1.26 (1.04–1.52) Black: 0.70 (0.52–0.95) | High |
Baskar et al., 2006 [87] | Local | Diabetes Register | 6047 | Afro-Caribbean, Caucasian, Indo-Asian | 6 | Diabetes, Retinopathy, Dipstick Proteinuria, Ischaemic Heart Disease, Cerebrovascular Disease, Peripheral Vascular Disease | Diabetes | age, gender, diabetes complication risk factors | Microvascular complications: Afro-Caribbean: 1.29 (1.06–1.57) Macrovascular complication: Afro-Caribbean: 0.71(0.51–0.87) Indo-Asian: 0.81 (0.67–0.93) | High |