Table 3 Studies reporting MLTCs across ethnic groups specifying index condition
CANCERS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Gathani et al., 2020 [81] | Retrospective study | National | National Cancer Registration & Analysis Service data | 164,143 | Mean Age SD): 59 (11.3) | 100 | white, Indian, Black Caribbean, Pakistani, Black African | Breast cancer | none | |||||||
Samy et al., 2015 [71] | Retrospective study | National | The National Cancer Data Repository | 24,361 | Age: 83% of sample > 60 | 46 | white, Black, South Asian, other | Myeloma | none | |||||||
Nimako et al., 2013 [83] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 423 | Mean Age: 64 | 35 | Western European, Afro-Caribbean, Indian Sub-Continent, South East Asian, other | Lung cancer | none | |||||||
DIABETES | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Mathur et al., 2020 [75] | Observational cohort study | National | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 179,886 | Age at diagnosis: 62(13) | 45 | white, South Asian, Black, other/mixed | Diabetes | age at diagnosis, sex, deprivation | |||||||
Mathur et al., 2020b [84] | Observational cohort study | National | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 162,238 | Age at diagnosis: 62(13) | 45 | white, South Asian, Black | Diabetes | none | |||||||
Mathur et al., 2018 [85] | Observational cohort study (2006–2016) with nested casecontrol study | local | Primary records | 6274 | Age range: 25–84 | 56 | white, South Asian, Black | Diabetes | none | |||||||
Owusu Adjah et al., 2018 [86] | Matched case control | National | The Health Improvement Network | 341,626 | Age: ≥ 18 | 43 | white European, African-Caribbean, South Asia | Diabetes | age, sex | |||||||
Malavige et al., 2013 [63] | Cross-sectional study | Local | primary care records | 510 | Mean Age(SD): 57(8) | 0 | South Asian, Europid | Diabetes | none | |||||||
Sivaprasad et al., 2012 [56] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Diabetes register | 50,285 | Mean Age (SD): 62(15) | 47 | white European, African/Afro-Caribbean, South Asian, mixed, other | Diabetes | age, gender, region, type of diabetes | |||||||
Mehta et al., 2011 [53] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Clinical workstation | 5664 | Mean Age (SD): 60(17) | 46 | South Asian, white European | Diabetes | none | |||||||
Ali et al., 2009 [54] | Cross-sectional study | Local | The clinical workstation | 6230 | Age: 55% of sample ≥ 60 | 46 | South Asian, white European | Diabetes | age, gender, comorbidities and complications | |||||||
Fischbacher et al., 2009 [52] | Retrospective study | Local | The Diabetes Audit and Research in Tayside | 9833 | Age:95% of sample > 45 | 47 | South Asian, Non-South Asian | Diabetes | age, sex | |||||||
Baskar et al., 2006 [87] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Diabetes register | 6047 | Age: ≥ 18 | 46 | African Caribbean, Caucasian, Indo-Asian | Diabetes | age, gender, Duration of diabetes (year), BMI, Type 2 Diabetes, Ever smoked, Systolic Blood Pressure | |||||||
Earle et al., 2001 [88] | Retrospective case note review | Local | Hospital records | 45 | Mean Age (SD): 66 (8.5) | 36 | Indo-Asian, African-Caribbean, Caucasian | Diabetes | age, gender, blood pressure, baseline proteinuria, antihypertensive treatment and smoking habit | |||||||
Nagi et al., 1994 [61] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Specialist services | 89 | Age range: 35–70 | 24 | Caucasian, Asian | Diabetes | none | |||||||
Hawthorne et al., 1990 [24] | Cross-sectional study | Local | diabetes register | 71 | Age: NR | 59 | Asian, British | Diabetes | none | |||||||
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Lawson et al., 2020 [18] | Retrospective study | National | Clinical Practice Research Datalink | 108,638 | Mean Age (SD): 78(12) | 50 | white, South Asian, Black | Heart Failure | none | |||||||
Gill et al., 2017 [89] | Cross-sectional study | Regional | Primary care records | 551 | Age range: 40–75 | 50 | white British, African Caribbean, South Asian | hypertension status | none | |||||||
Gorantla et al., 2015 [90] | Retrospective study | Regional | Hospital records | 42,685 | Mean age: 74 | 49 | Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other | Atrial fibrillation | none | |||||||
Sosin et al., 2008 [91] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Hospital records | 243 | Age: 34% of sample ≥ 65 | 28 | white European, African Caribbean, South Asian | Heart failure | age, gender, diabetes status, smoking status, or BNP vitamin B12, folate, healthy control status | |||||||
Patel et al., 2007 [62] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Specialist services | 212 | Mean Age(SD): 61(13) | 33 | South Asian, Caucasian | Chronic Heart Failure | none | |||||||
Conway et al., 2004 [92] | Retrospective study | Local | Hospital records | 388 | Mean Age (SD): 70(12) | 41 | Indo-Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Caucasian | Peripheral artery disease | age, gender | |||||||
Blackledge et al., 2003 [73] | Historical cohort study | Local | Hospital records | 5789 | Age: ≥ 40 | 50 | white, South Asian, other | Heart failure | none | |||||||
Lear et al., 1994 [26] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 403 | Age range: 33–93 | 35 | Indian, European | Myocardial infarction | none | |||||||
Lowry et al., 1984 [59] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 102 | Mean Age (SD):50(8) | 9 | Asian, white | Coronary artery disease | none | |||||||
CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE KIDNEY | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Steenkamp et al., 2016 [48] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 7786 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | white, South Asian, Black, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Hull et al., 2014 [72] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Patient survey | 12,011 | Mean Age: 71 | 57 | white, South Asian, Black, other | Chronic Kidney Disease | none | |||||||
Cole et al., 2014 [64] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 1340 | Mean Age (SD): 60(16) | 39 | white, Black | End stage Renal disease | none | |||||||
Jesky et al., 2013 [93] | Retrospective cohort study | Local | Primary care records | 31,254 | Median age (IQR):59 (50,71) | 49 | white, South Asian, Black | Chronic Kidney Disease | none | |||||||
Rao et al., 2013 [46] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 6979 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | white, South Asian, Black, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Udayaraj et al., 2013 [94] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 53,565 | Age: ≥ 18 | 38 | South Asian, Black, white | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Shaw et al., 2012 [47] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 5783 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | white, South Asian, Black, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Webb et al., 2011 [50] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 4877 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | white, South Asian, Black, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Caskey et al., 2010 [49] | Observational study | National | UK Renal Registry | 12,943 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | white, South Asian, Black, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Roderick et al., 2009 [55] | Prospective cohort | National | Renal Registry | 5901 | Age:82% of sample > 45 | 38 | Caucasian, South Asian, Black | Established Renal failure | age | |||||||
Jain et al., 2009 [82] | Prospective study | Regional | Hospital records | 755 | Age range: 16–86 | 37 | white, Black, South Asian, other | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Udayaraj et al., 2009 [51] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 11,399 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | South Asian, Black, Chinese, other, white | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Tomson et al., 2007 [45] | Retrospective study | National | UK Renal Registry | 10,579 | Age: ≥ 18 | NR | South Asian, Black, Chinese, other, white | Renal disease | none | |||||||
Bakewell et al., 2001 [60] | Observational study | Local | Specialist services | 120 | Age: ≥ 18 | 32 | Asian, white | End-stage renal disease | none | |||||||
Roderick et al., 1996 [25] | Cross-sectional retrospective study | National | Specialist services | 5901 | Age: ≥ 16 | NR | white, Asian, Black | End stage renal disease | none | |||||||
MENTAL HEALTH CONDITIONS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Downs et al., 2017 [77] | Historical cohort study | Local | Clinical Record Interactive Search system | 638 | Age range: 10–17 | 50 | white British, white Other, Black, Asian, Mixed | Psychosis | none | |||||||
Nicholl et al., 2015 [28] | Cross-sectional study | National | UK Biobank | 144,139 | Mean age (SD): 57(8.1) | 53 | white, Asian, Black | Depression | age, sex, quintiles of Townsend score, smoking status, frequency of alcohol consumption, BMI, morbidity count | |||||||
Bruce et al., 2012 [76] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Specialist services | 165 | Mean age (SD): 39(10) | 0 | African, Caribbean, white British | Severe mental illness | none | |||||||
Mazzoncini et al., 2010 [95] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 511 | Age range: 16–64 | 41 | white British, white other, Black Caribbean, Black African, Asian, other | Psychosis | none | |||||||
Pinto et al., 2010 [67] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Lambeth DataNet | 903 | Age range: 16–74 | 40 | white, Black | Psychosis | age, gender, obesity and deprivation | |||||||
Afuwape et al., 2006 [35] | Retrospective cohort study | Local | COMO study | 213 | Mean Age: 37 | 16 | white, Black Caribbean, Black African, Black British | Psychotic illness | age | |||||||
Bhui et al., 2004 [58] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Primary care records | 389 | Age: ≥ 16.5 | 56 | Punjabi, English | Depression | age, gender, social class, employment, marital status, number of body systems affected by physical illness | |||||||
Kennedy et al., 2004 [96] | Epidemiologically-based study | Local | Specialist services | 246 | Age: > 16 | 54 | white European, African–Caribbean, African, other | Severe mental illness | none | |||||||
Miles et al., 2003 [34] | Cross-sectional study | Local | COMO study | 214 | Age range: 17–77 | 17 | white, Black, other | Psychotic illness | none | |||||||
McKenzie et al., 2002 [43] | Cross-sectional design | Local | Hospital records | 337 | Mean Age(SD): 33 (13) | 44 | white, African-Caribbean, Mixed African-Caribbean and white, African, South Asian, Other | Psychosis | age, sex, social class, RDC diagnosis and referral status | |||||||
Graham et al., 2001 [41] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Mental Health and Substance Misuse services survey | 498 | Age range: 18–71 | 22 | white UK, African-Caribbean, Asian, European, Irish, mixed, Black other, other | Severe mental illness | none | |||||||
Weaver et al., 2001 [97] | Cross-sectional study | Local | Specialist services | 851 | Mean Age(SD): 45(14) | 44 | white UK/European, Black, Irish, Other | Psychotic disorders | age, sex, diagnosis | |||||||
NEUROLOGICAL CONDITIONS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Bhanu et al., 2020 [74] | Retrospective cohort study | National | The Health Improvement Network database | 10,570 | Mean Age: 80 | 64 | white, Asian, Black | Dementia | none | |||||||
Taylor et al., 2020 [31] | Longitudinal cohort study | National | UK Biobank | 1568 | Age range: 40–69 | 72 | white, BAME, other/unknown | Multiple sclerosis | none | |||||||
Jordan et al., 2017 [39] | Longitudinal study | National | Millennium Cohort Study | 7224 | Age: < 18 | 49 | Caucasian, Non-Caucasian | Dyslexia | none | |||||||
Liew et al., 2016 [98] | Retrospective study | Regional | Hospital records | 3275 | Mean Age: 71 | 53 | Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other | Transient ischemic attack | none | |||||||
Eastwood et al., 2015 [40] | Longitudinal study | Local | The SABRE study | 4196 | Age range: 45–58 | 0 | South Asian, European | Stroke | age, smoking status, waist/hip ratio, total/HDL-cholesterol ratio, diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, physical activity, heart rate | |||||||
Potluri et al., 2015 [99] | Retrospective study | Regional | Hospital records | 17,415 | Mean Age: 74 | 50 | Caucasian, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Oriental, mixed, other | Ischaemic stroke | none | |||||||
Sarker et al., 2008 [100] | Prospective study | Local | The South London Stroke Register | 566 | Mean Age(SD): 62(17) | 46 | white, Black, other/missing | Haemorrhagic stroke | none | |||||||
Patel et al., 2001 [101] | Prospective study | Local | South London Stroke Register | 235 | Mean Age(SD): 71(14) | 51 | white, Black, other | Stroke | none | |||||||
RESPIRATORY CONDITIONS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Sapey et al., 2020 [57] | Observational cohort study | Local | Hospital records | 2217 | Median Age(IQR): 73(58–84) | 42 | white, mixed, South Asian/South Asian British, Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, other | COVID-19 infection | none | |||||||
Zakeri et al., 2020 [70] | Cohort observational study | local | Lambeth DataNet | 872 | Age: ≥ 18 | 44 | Black, white, mixed/other, Asian | COVID-19 infection | none | |||||||
Perez-Guzman et al., 2020 [44] | Retrospective study | Local | Hospital records | 559 | Median Age(IQR): 69(25) | 38 | white, Black, Asian, other | SARS-CoV-2 infection | none | |||||||
Marshall et al., 1999 [102] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 157 | Age:94% of sample > 20 | 34 | European, African, Asian, Americans | Tuberculosis | none | |||||||
OTHER HEALTH CONDITIONS | ||||||||||||||||
Study ID | Study design | Geographical reach | Data Source | Sample size | Age in years | %Female | Ethnic categories | Index condition | Covariates adjusted for in analysis of the prevalence of multiple conditions | |||||||
Ali et al., 2020 [103] | Observational study | Regional | Specialist services | 313 | Mean Age(SD): 52(11) | 25 | Asian/Asian British, white, Black/African/Caribbean/Black British, mixed, other ethnic group | Hepatitis C infection | none | |||||||
Eendebak et al., 2017 [33] | Cross-sectional observational study | Local | HUSERMET Study | 642 | Age range: 40–48 | 0% | South Asian, white European, African Caribbean | Reproductive hormone levels | none | |||||||
Misra et al., 2016 [69] | Retrospective cohort study | National | Hospital records | 71,966 | Age range:2–104 | 52 | White European, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Black, Chinese, | Ulcerative colitis | none | |||||||
Patel et al., 2016 [66] | Cross-sectional observational study | Local | Specialist services | 299 | Mean Age(SD): 58(2) | 5 | white, other | HIV | none | |||||||
Nisar et al., 2015 [104] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 299 | Mean Age at start of therapy:51 | 64 | Caucasian, Asian, Afro-Caribbean, Mixed | Inflammatory arthritis | none | |||||||
Chackayil et al., 2013 [105] | Retrospective, cross-sectional study | Regional | Hospital records | 3563 | Age: NR | 59 | white, South Asian, African Caribbean | Iron deficiency Anaemia | none | |||||||
Kitley et al., 2012 [65] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 106 | Mean Age at onset:41 | 87 | Caucasian, Afro-Caribbean, Japanese | Neuromyelitis optical | none | |||||||
Mann et al., 2008 [106] | Retrospective | National | Hospital records | 40,488 | Mean Age(SD): 42(13) | 39 | white, Black African, Black Caribbean, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, Other, Mixed, Indian, Chinese | Hepatitis C | age, sex, year | |||||||
Mohsen et al., 2005 [68] | Cross-sectional design | Local | Specialist services | 1017 | Median age at presentation(IQR):32.6(29–38) | 35 | white, Black African, Black Caribbean, Black Other, South Asian, Other, Oriental | HIV | gender, HIV risk group, Place of birth, History of Injecting Drug Use, Blood factor | |||||||
Dragovic et al., 2002 [78] | Retrospective study | Local | Specialist services | 153 | Age: 97% aged ≥ 17 | 19.6 | white, Black Caribbean, Black African, | Gonococcal infection | age, sex | |||||||
Rose et al., 2002 [37] | Retrospective study | National | National TB survey database & HIV/AIDS patient database | 3432 | Age range: 16–54 | 45 | white, Black African, Indian sub-continent, other/unknown | HIV | year, sex, geographical area | |||||||