Table 4 Risk of bias assessments based on the Cochrane collaboration tool
| Â | Random sequence generation (Selection Bias) | Allocation concealment (Selection bias) | Blinding of participants and personnel (Performance bias) | Blinding of outcome assessment (Detection bias) | Incomplete outcome data (Attrition bias) | Selective reporting (Reporting bias) | Other sources of bias (Other bias) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frosch et al. (2011), U S[34] | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | Unclear |
Glasgow et al. (2006), U S[35] | Unclear | unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | High |
Kim et al., (2015), U S[36] | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
McKay et al. (2002), U S[37] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Ruggiero et al. (2010), U S[38] | Unclear | Unclear | Unclear | High | Low | Low | High |
Sacco et al. (2009), U S[39] | Low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Thom et al. (2013), U S[40] | Unclear | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Whittemore et al. (2004), U S[41] | Unclear | unclear | Unclear | unclear | Low | Low | High |
Willard-grace et al. (2015), U S[42] | Low | Low | High | Unclear | Low | Low | Unclear |
Wolever et al. (2010), U S[43] | Unclear | unclear | low | low | Low | Low | High |
Chen et al., (2016), Taiwa n[44] | Low | low | Unclear | low | low | low | Unclear |
Lin et al., (2021), Taiwa n[45] | Low | low | low | Unclear | low | low | Unclear |
Basak Cinar & Schou (2014), Turke y[46] | Unclear | unclear | High | High | low | Low | Unclear |
Sherifali et al., (2020 )[47] | Low | low | Unclear | Unclear | Low | Low | Low |
Cho et al. (2011), Kore a[48] | Unclear | unclear | unclear | High | Low | Low | Unclear |
Holmen et al. (2014), Norwa y[49] | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Karhula et al. (2015), Finland,[50] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Kempf et al. (2017), German y[51] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
Odnoletkova et al. (2016), Belgiu m[52] | Low | Low | Unclear | Low | Low | Low | Unclear |
Varney et al. (2014), Australi a[53] | Low | Low | High | High | Low | Low | High |