Table 2 Two-level logistic regression results on factors associated with the birth certification of children under-5 in Nigeria DHS 2008–2018, (n = 66,630)

Age

0–11

1

1

12–23

0.895(0.769–1.042)

0.893(0.767–1.039)

24–35

0.859(0.668–1.106)

0.851(0.661–1.096)

36–47

0.803(0.570–1.130)

0.796(0.565–1.120)

48–59

0.537(0.344–0.837)***

0.529(0.339–0.824)***

Birth order

1st

1

1

2nd

0.972(0.893–1.058)

0.973(0.894–1.059)

3rd

0.856(0.764–0.958)***

0.856(0.765–0.959)***

4th or higher

0.830(0.731–0.943)***

0.829(0.730–0.942)***

Size-at-birth

Small

1

1

Average

0.996(0.944–1.050)

0.994(0.942–1.049)

Large

1.013(0.957–1.072)

1.017(0.961–1.075)

Birth Interval

≤2.5 years

1

1

>  2.5 years

0.947(0.889–1.009)*

0.946(0.888–1.008)*

Skilled birth attendant

No

1

1

Yes

1.304(1.184–1.435)***

1.283(1.164–1.413)***

Had at least one vaccination

No

1

1

Yes

1.496(1.329–1.685)***

1.494(1.328–1.681)***

Age at birth (years)

<  20

1

1

20–24

1.245(1.087–1.427)***

1.230(1.072–1.411)***

25–29

1.424(1.212–1.673)***

1.395(1.187–1.640)***

30–34

1.514(1.265–1.812)***

1.479(1.236–1.772)***

35 and above

1.453(1.191–1.774)***

1.416(1.160–1.729)***

Education level

None

1

1

Primary

1.185(0.965–1.456)

1.168(0.952–1.433)

Secondary

1.253(1.097–1.431)***

1.242(1.087–1.419)***

Tertiary

1.593(1.359–1.868)***

1.559(1.329–1.829)***

Had at least 1 prenatal visit

No

1

1

Yes

1.520(1.316–1.755)***

1.468(1.271–1.695)***

Polygynous

No

1

1

Yes

0.900(0.807–1.004)*

0.922(0.826–1.029)

Occupation

Low skill

0.950(0.822–1.099)

1.025(0.886–1.185)

Medium skill

1.040(0.967–1.118)

1.014(0.943–1.091)

High skill

1.028(0.906–1.167)

1.000(0.881–1.135)

Other

1

1

Decision maker

No

1

1

Yes

0.988(0.900–1.085)

0.991(0.902–1.088)

Access to media

No

1

1

Yes

1.106(0.997–1.226)*

1.100(0.992–1.219)*

Lost 2+ children

No

1

1

Yes

0.899(0.821–0.986)**

0.908(0.828–0.995)**

Age (years)

<  25

1

1

25–34

0.986(0.721–1.347)

0.984(0.720–1.344)

35–44

1.041(0.755–1.437)

1.034(0.750–1.427)

45–54

1.048(0.750–1.466)

1.035(0.739–1.448)

55 and above

1.000(0.700–1.429)

0.981(0.685–1.403)

Education level

None

1

1

Primary

1.024(0.762–1.375)

1.024(0.763–1.375)

Secondary

1.338(1.161–1.542)***

1.332(1.156–1.535)***

Tertiary

1.410(1.224–1.624)***

1.394(1.211–1.605)***

Occupation

Low skill

0.889(0.814–0.971)***

0.913(0.836–0.998)**

Medium skill

1.004(0.926–1.088)

0.991(0.914–1.074)

High skill

1.093(0.991–1.205)*

1.093(0.991–1.205)*

Other

1

1

Owns a bank account

No

1

1

Yes

1.316(1.188–1.458)***

1.315(1.187–1.456)***

Wealth status

Poor

1

1

Average

1.658(1.406–1.954)***

1.430(1.197–1.707)***

Rich

2.263(1.905–1.2.688)***

1.776(1.455–2.169)***

Religion

Islam

1

1

Christian

1.124(0.965–1.310)

1.143(0.980–1.333)*

Other

0.743(0.565–0.977)**

0.761(0.578–1.002)*

Ethnicity

Hausa/Fulani

1

1

Igbo

0.989(0.871–1.123)

1.087(0.929–1.270)

Yoruba

1.207(1.077–1.353)***

1.160(1.005–1.339)**

Other

0.885(0.813–0.964)***

0.886(0.802–0.980)**

Location of residence

Rural

1

1

Urban

1.199(1.116–1.289)***

1.044(0.970–1.124)

Distance to registration centres

< 5 kms

1

1

5–9.99 kms

0.684(0.568–0.824)***

0.827(0.687–0.995)**

10+ kms

0.360(0.289–0.447)***

0.466(0.377–0.576)***

Distance to roads

< 5 kms

1

1

5–9.99 kms

1.145(0.955–1.373)

1.141(0.957–1.361)

10+ kms

0.945(0.773–1.156)

1.012(0.837–1.223)

Altitude

Low

1

1

Medium

1.073(0.897–1.284)

1.073(0.904–1.274)

High

1.772(1.458–2.153)***

1.583(1.310–1.913)***

Average wealth status

Non-Poor

1

1

Poor

0.282(0.232–0.344)***

0.613(0.486–0.774)***

Child mortality

No

1

1

Yes

0.733(0.625–0.859)***

0.917(0.786–1.070)

Region

North Central

0.943(0.826–1.077)

0.964(0.847–1.096)

North East

1.159(0.959–1.401)

1.644(1.364–1.982)***

North West

1

1

South East

0.866(0.711–1.055)

0.644(0.509–0.814)***

South South

1.021(0.869–1.199)

0.887(0.753–1.045)

South West

1.441(1.259–1.649)***

0.984(0.829–1.167)

Constant

0.123(0.113–0.133)***

0.039(0.016–0.097)***

0.449(0.235–0.858)***

0.079(0.032–0.194)***