Table 2 Bivariate association between depression and socio-demographic, health-related, and household characteristics of ST and Non-ST older adults in India 2017–18

Socio-demographic characteristics

 Age group

  Oldest-old

530

30

8.9

10.82 (0.004)

2,597

214

10.9

1.37 (0.502)

  Old-old

1,384

48

6.7

7,459

568

8.3

  Young-old

3,111

90

3.5

15,556

1,180

8.8

 Gender

  Male

2,371

74

4.0

0.68 (0.407)

12,311

843

7.7

22.14 (< 0.001)

  Female

2,654

94

5.5

13,301

1,119

9.9

 Current marital status

  Currently married

3,149

74

3.5

25.75 (< 0.001)

16,367

1,113

8.0

47.43 (< 0.001)

  Currently not married

1,876

94

7.0

9,245

849

10.2

 Status of work

  Never worked

1,096

32

4.3

18.83 (< 0.001)

7,444

538

7.6

36.98 (< 0.001)

  Currently not working

1,605

79

6.1

8,976

801

10.5

  Currently working

1,964

47

4.0

6,925

493

8.3

  Retired

360

10

4.6

2,267

130

7.8

 Level of education

  No formal education

3,147

121

5.0

6.55 (0.038)

13,241

1,149

10.0

54.15 (< 0.001)

  Upto primary

1,280

32

5.3

6,110

457

8.8

  Secondary and above

598

15

2.4

6,261

356

6.1

 Social participation

  Socially active

4,553

147

4.4

1.97 (0.160)

23,665

1,715

8.5

75.24 (< 0.001)

  Socially inactive

472

21

8.6

1,947

247

13.0

 Importance of religion

  Not important

992

36

4.5

0.31 (0.576)

5,016

346

7.3

5.12 (0.024)

  Very important

4,033

132

5.0

20,596

1,616

9.3

 Living arrangement satisfaction

  Satisfied

4,040

105

3.9

68.68 (< 0.001)

19,956

1,207

7.0

525.09 (< 0.001)

  Neutral

817

40

6.2

4,389

470

11.2

  Not satisfied

168

23

13.5

1,267

285

25.2

 Received ill-treatment

  No

4,894

158

4.5

7.66 (0.006)

24,473

1,696

8.1

415.01 (< 0.001)

  Yes

131

10

11.0

1,139

266

23.3

 Faced discrimination in life

  No

4,431

128

4.4

23.96 (< 0.001)

21,535

1,355

7.4

358.11 (< 0.001)

  Yes

594

40

7.1

4,077

607

15.5

 Health-related characteristics

 Self-rated health

  Good

836

10

1.6

106.25 (< 0.001)

3,488

125

4.2

524.26 (< 0.001)

  Average

3,440

87

3.9

16,140

976

6.7

  Poor

749

71

11.0

5,984

861

17.2

 Chronic morbidity status

  No condition

3,119

74

3.3

24.14 (< 0.001)

10,932

688

7.5

78.05 (< 0.001)

  Single condition

1,207

58

6.6

7,819

594

8.6

  Multiple conditions

699

36

10.5

6,861

680

11.6

 Physical activity status

  Physically inactive

3,403

112

4.6

0.08 (0.766)

19,216

1,457

8.9

0.66 (0.414)

  Physically active

1,622

56

5.2

6,396

505

8.9

 Difficulty in ADL

  No difficulty

4,211

94

3.5

99.29 (< 0.001)

20,153

1,216

6.8

353.67 (< 0.001)

  Faces difficulty

814

74

10.3

5,459

746

15.6

 Difficulty in IADL

  No difficulty

3,119

59

3.2

53.62 (< 0.001)

14,202

710

5.7

319.16 (< 0.001)

  Faces difficulty

1,906

109

6.9

11,410

1,252

12.3

 Covered by health insurance

  Yes

1,506

60

5.1

2.73 (0.098)

4,964

290

6.1

28.78 (< 0.001)

  No

3,519

108

4.7

20,648

1,672

9.4

Household characteristics

 Household MPCE Quintile

  Poorest

1,452

52

3.7

9.86 (0.043)

4,827

404

9.6

17.56 (0.002)

  Poorer

1,081

26

4.1

5,223

397

8.1

  Middle

948

27

6.0

5,307

341

8.1

  Richer

844

28

5.4

5,186

401

8.9

  Richest

700

35

7.8

5,069

419

9.8

 Religion of household

  Hinduism

2,114

103

5.4

29.91 (< 0.001)

20,345

1,546

8.7

3.38 (0.184)

  Islam

572

20

2.9

3,050

257

9.6

  Others

2,339

45

2.7

2,217

159

9.1

 Place of residence

  Urban

1,100

31

5.3

1.20 (0.273)

9,331

550

6.3

64.72 (< 0.001)

  Rural

3,925

137

4.8

16,281

1,412

10.0

 Country region

  Southern

774

20

1.5

41.41 (< 0.001)

6,592

365

5.7

134.20 (< 0.001)

  Northern

371

23

8.5

7,417

653

10.5

  Central

395

22

4.0

1,651

208

17.2

  Western

738

35

6.5

3,440

260

7.7

  Eastern

562

28

4.1

5,057

410

8.6

  North-eastern

2,185

40

2.8

1,455

66

6.8

Overall

5,025

168

4.8

25,612

1,962

8.9