Table 1 Eligibility criteria according to the SPIDER framework
SPIDER Framework | Description |
|---|---|
Sample | • Studies that sought school students (age 11–18), school staff, parents or other education professionals’ views and were focused on whole population, or students of a low socioeconomic status. • Studies that focused on special populations, for example, cannabis smokers were excluded. |
Phenomenon of Interest | • Studies that focused on friendship, peers, influence and selection. • Studies were excluded if they focused exclusively on waterpipe tobacco, e-cigarettes and other forms of nicotine inhalation as well as passive smoking and cessation studies. |
Design | • Qualitative or mixed methods studies with a qualitative element including interviews, focus groups, and observations. |
Evaluation | • Studies that sought participants’ views, perceptions or attitudes. |
Research Type | • Date: Papers published using data collected during or after 1997. This is the year that adolescent smoking peaked in the US (30). Corresponding authors were contacted directly to request this information, where this was omitted in papers. • Language: No language or geographical limits were set, but comparisons were made within the analyses according to whether the data were collected before or after the introduction of comprehensive smoking legislation covering bans on smoking in all work places and public places, including restaurants and bars, in each respective country. |