Table 2 Individual and County Variables Associated with Psychotropic Dispensing to Children and Youth in Ontario, January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2018
Variable | All psychotropics (Adjusted rate ratio, 95% CI) | Antidepressants (Adjusted rate ratio, 95% CI) | Antipsychotics (Adjusted rate ratio, 95% CI) | Benzodiazepines (Adjusted rate ratio, 95% CI) | Stimulants (Adjusted rate ratio, 95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual-level variables | |||||
 Age | |||||
  0–4 | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.06) | 0.02 (0.02 to 0.03) | 0.14 (0.11 to 0.19) | 0.46 (0.36 to 0,59) | 0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) |
  5–9 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  10–14 | 1.43 (1.37 to 1.49) | 4.56 (4.09 to 5.08) | 1.25 (1.18 to 1.32) | 2.89 (2.55 to 3.27) | 1.11 (1.08 to 1.14) |
  15–19 | 1.83 (1.71 to 1.96) | 8.73 (7.60 to 10.03) | 1.53 (1.38 to 1.69) | 8.60 (7.39 to 10.01) | 0.81 (0.77 to 0.85) |
  20–24 | 1.88 (1.73 to 2.03) | 9.32 (8.05 to 10.79) | 1.80 (1.58 to 2.05) | 12.37 (10.50 to 14.58) | 0.61 (0.55 to 0.67) |
 Sex | |||||
  Male | 1.13 (1.11 to 1.15) | 0.81 (0.80 to 0.82) | 1.40 (1.36 to 1.44) | 0.85 (0.83 to 0.88) | 1.75 (1.70 to 1.80) |
  Female (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Rurality | |||||
  Rural | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.96) | 0.95 (0.92 to 0.98) | 0.90 (0.86 to 0.94) | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.98) | 0.91 (0.87 to 0.95) |
  Urban (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
 Neighbourhood income quintile | |||||
  1 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  2 | 0.97 (0.95 to 0.99) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.88 (0.86 to 0.91) | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.04) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.01) |
  3 | 0.93 (0.90 to 0.96) | 0.98 (0.96 to 1.00) | 0.81 (0.78 to 0.84) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.02) | 0.95 (0.91 to 1.00) |
  4 | 0.92 (0.89 to 0.96) | 0.98 (0.95 to 1.01) | 0.75 (0.72 to 0.79) | 1.00 (0.97 to 1.03) | 0.95 (0.90 to 1.01) |
  5 | 0.92 (0.88 to 0.97) | 0.97 (0.93 to 1.00) | 0.72 (0.70 to 0.75) | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.04) | 1.00 (0.92 to 1.09) |
 ADG category | |||||
  0–5 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
  6–9 | 1.58 (1.54 to 1.63) | 1.53 (1.51 to 1.55) | 1.77 (1.71 to 1.82) | 1.82 (1.76 to 1.88) | 1.5 (1.47 to 1.53) |
   > 10 | 1.88 (1.78 to 1.97) | 1.73 (1.68 to 1.77) | 2.33 (2.18 to 2.49) | 2.61 (2.47 to 2.76) | 1.71 (1.64 to 1.78) |
 Other psychotropic class |  | 2.16 (2.03 to 2.3) | 10.33 (9.64 to 11.07) | 6.66 (6.16 to 7.2) | 2.65 (2.51 to 2.79) |
County-Level Variables | |||||
 Pediatric psychiatry/developmental pediatrician (count per 100,000) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.01) | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.02) |
 Children and youth mental health agencies/services (per 1000 population) | 1.07 (1.00 to 1.13) | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.05) | 0.82 (0.73 to 0.91) | 1.12 (1.01 to 1.24) | 1.11 (1.01 to 1.23) |
 Children and youth mental health hospital admissions/emergency department visits (per 1000 population) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) |
 % population with post-secondary education | 1.01 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.01 (1.01 to 1.02) |
 % population that recognizes as visible minority | 0.99 (0.99 to 0.99) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.98 to 1.00) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) |
 Mean number of persons per private household | 0.90 (0.78 to 1.04) | 0.83 (0.71 to 0.97) | 0.88 (0.7 to 1.11) | 1.34 (1.04 to 1.71) | 0.74 (0.62 to 0.87) |
 % population that are not Canadian citizens | 1.01 (0.99 to 1.02) | 0.99 (0.97 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.02) | 1.03 (1.00 to 1.07) | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.97) |
 % population that is employed | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) | 1.00 (0.99 to 1.00) | 0.99 (0.99 to 1.00) | 1.00 (1.00 to 1.01) |
 % population that speaks neither English nor French | 1.00 (0.98 to 1.01) | 0.98 (0.96 to 0.99) | 0.95 (0.93 to 0.97) | 0.96 (0.94 to 0.99) | 1.03 (1.01 to 1.04) |