Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children attending before and after school care: a systematic review

Woods, Andrew J.; Probst, Yasmine C.; Norman, Jennifer; Wardle, Karen; Ryan, Sarah T.; Patel, Linda; Crowe, Ruth K.; Okely, Anthony D.

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14675-8

Table 1 Summary of included articles

From: Correlates of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children attending before and after school care: a systematic review

Author/date	Location	Sample	Assessment and Outcome		Correlates of PA observed		Correlates of sedentary behaviour observed
			Outcome	Measurement tool	Variable	SEF Domain	Variable	SEF Domain
Ajja et al., 2014 [19]	United States	20 ASPs; 1302 children (5–12 years old); 53.6% boys; 56.1% White	Minutes of MVPA (indoor/outdoor)	Actigraph accelerometer	% local pop. in poverty	Community	% local pop. in poverty	Community
			Minutes of sedentary behaviour	Actigraph accelerometer	Free play	Institutional	Age of child	Individual
			PA policy characteristics	HAPI-PA Scale	Ethnicity	Individual	BMI	Individual
					BMI	Individual	Ethnicity (non-white)	Individual
					Age of child	Individual	Size of used PA space	Institutional
					Size of used PA space	Institutional	Free play	Institutional
					Supportive PA policy characteristics	Institutional	Supportive PA policy characteristics	Institutional
Beets et al., 2012 [20]	United States	3 ASPs; 245 children (mean age 8.2 years old); 48% boys; 60% White	Minutes of MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	Minutes in attendance	Individual
Beets et al., 2012 [20]	United States		Steps	Walk4Life MVPA pedometer	Meeting 30 min MVPA guideline	Individual
Beets et al., 2013 [21]	United States	18 ASPs; 1241 children (5–12 years old); 50% boys; 59% White	Minutes of MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	PA evaluation (limited with nonvalid methods)	Institutional	Activities appealing to both genders	Institutional
			Minutes of sedentary behaviour	Actigraph accelerometer	PA policy (non-specific language)	Institutional	Scheduled PA time (< 25% schedule)	Institutional
			PA policy environment characteristics		Scheduled PA time (50% or more)	Institutional	Child feedback (formal collection)	Institutional
					Staff PA training (< 1 h)	Institutional	Child feedback (informal collection)	Institutional
					Staff PA training (1 to 4 h)	Institutional	Scheduled PA time (25–49% schedule)	Institutional
					Scheduled activities (limited)	Institutional	Scheduled PA time (50% or more)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (< 25% schedule)	Institutional	Staff PA training (< 1 h)	Institutional
					Child feedback (informal collection)	Institutional	PA curriculum (non-evidence based)	Institutional
					PA curriculum (non-evidence based)	Institutional	PA evaluation (limited with nonvalid methods)	Institutional
					Activities appealing to both genders	Institutional	PA policy (non-specific language)	Institutional
					Child feedback (formal collection)	Institutional	PA training delivered by noncertified personnel	Institutional
					Scheduled activities (diverse)	Institutional	Scheduled activities (diverse)	Institutional
					PA training delivered by noncertified personnel	Institutional	Scheduled activities (limited)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (25–49% schedule)	Institutional	Staff PA training (1 to 4 h)	Institutional
Beets et al., 2015 [22]	United States	19 ASPs; 812 children (6–12 years old); 53% boys; 61% White non-Hispanic	Minutes of total PA	Actigraph accelerometer	BMI	Individual
			Minutes of MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	School-based ASP	Institutional
			Meeting PA policy benchmarks		Ethnicity (non-white)	Individual
					Age of child	Individual
					Attended faith-based ASP	Institutional
					Sex	Individual
Beets et al., 2016 [23]	United States	20 ASPs; 1408 children (5–12 years old); 56% boys	Minutes of MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	% PA opportunities dedicated for free play (45–74%)	Institutional	% PA opportunities dedicated for free play (45–74%)	Institutional
			Minutes of sedentary behaviour	Actigraph accelerometer	Scheduled PA time (110–160 min)	Institutional	% PA opportunities dedicated for free play (75–100%)	Institutional
			Program characteristics	Review of schedules; direct observation	Scheduled PA time (90–105 min)	Institutional	Annual organisation revenue (approx $2–4 million)	Institutional
					Sedentary option during PA time (60 min)	Institutional	Annual organisation revenue (approx $5–20 million)	Institutional
					Sedentary option during PA time (75–120 min)	Institutional	Attending YMCA ASP	Institutional
					Annual organisation revenue (approx $2–4 million)	Institutional	Scheduled PA time (110–160 min)	Institutional
					Annual organisation revenue (approx $5–20 million)	Institutional	Scheduled PA time (90–105 min)	Institutional
					Attending YMCA ASP	Institutional	Sedentary option during PA time (60 min)	Institutional
					Outdoor PA space (approx 231 k-281 k ft²)	Institutional	Sedentary option during PA time (75–120 min)	Institutional
					Outdoor PA space (approx 85 k-200 k ft²)	Institutional	Indoor PA space (4461–6009 ft²)	Institutional
					% PA opportunities dedicated for free play (75–100%)	Institutional	Indoor PA space (7344–15,056 ft²)	Institutional
					Indoor PA space (4461–6009 ft²)	Institutional	Outdoor PA space (approx 231 k-281 k ft²)	Institutional
					Indoor PA space (7344–15,056 ft²)	Institutional	Outdoor PA space (approx 85 k-200 k ft²)	Institutional
					Staff PA training (1 or more hours)	Institutional	Staff PA training (1 or more hours)	Institutional
Brazendale et al., 2015 [24]	United States	20 ASPs; 1248 children (5–12 years old); 53% boys	Scheduled PA time	Schedule review	Scheduled PA time (< 60 min)	Institutional
			Minutes of MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	Scheduled PA time (> 60 min)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (≈ 45 min)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (≤ 30 min)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (≥ 105 min)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (60 min)	Institutional
					Scheduled PA time (75 min)	Institutional
Burrows et al., 2014 [25]	Canada	2 ASPs; 40 children (6–10 years old); 42% boys	FMS proficiency	Test of Gross Motor Development 2	Attended sport-based ASP	Institutional
Burrows et al., 2014 [25]	Canada	2 ASPs; 40 children (6–10 years old); 42% boys			Low-organised game ASP	Institutional
Crowe et al., 2021 [26]	Australia	89 ASPs; 4408 children (5–12 years old); 42% boys	Child physical activity	Actigraph accelerometer	Sex	Individual	Sex	Individual
			Physical activity policies	HAAND	Grade	Individual	Grade	Individual
			Physical activity promotion practices	SOSPAN	PA policy	Institutional
			Type and structure of physical activity	SOSPAN	Staff PA training	Institutional
			Available PA space	Craftright measuring wheel	PA promotion material	Institutional
					Screen time availability	Institutional
					Handheld device availability	Institutional
					Children input in daily programming	Institutional
					Scheduled free play	Institutional
					Organised PA	Institutional
					Children engaged in PA	Individual
					Children stand and wait during PA games	Interpersonal
					Elimination games	Institutional
					Staff engaged in PA	Interpersonal
Domazet et al., 2015 [27]	Denmark	10 ASPs; 475 children (5–11 years old); 41% boys	MVPA minutes	Actigraph accelerometer	Attended regular ASP	Institutional	Attended non sport-based ASP	Institutional
Domazet et al., 2015 [27]	Denmark	10 ASPs; 475 children (5–11 years old); 41% boys	Cardiovascular fitness		Attended sport-based ASP	Institutional	Attended sport-based ASP	Institutional
Huberty et al., 2013 [28]	United States	12 ASPs; 888 children (mean age 8.7 years old); 44% boys; 77% White non-Hispanic	Staff behaviour	SOPLAY	Minutes of scheduled PA	Institutional
			Scans observed sedentary	SOPLAY	Organised PA	Institutional
			Scans observed walking	SOPLAY	PA equipment available	Institutional
			Scans observed vigorous	SOPLAY	Staff engaged in PA	Interpersonal
					Staff off task during PA	Interpersonal
					Staff other duties during PA	Interpersonal
					Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal
					Total number of boys/girls	Institutional
Kuritz et al., 2020 [29]	Germany	ASPs; 198 children	% of time in sedentary, LPA & MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	Minutes in attendance	Individual	Sex	Individual
			Socio-demographic data	Motorik-Modul activity questionnaire	Sex	Individual	Grade (year 1 only)	Individual
					Age of child	Individual	Minutes in attendance	Individual
Londal et al., 2020 [30]	Norway	14 ASPs; 42 children (Grade 1); 52% boys	Time in sedentary behaviour, total PA and MVPA	Actigraph accelerometer	Outdoor PA (comparison indoor)	Institutional	Sex	Individual
Londal et al., 2020 [30]	Norway	14 ASPs; 42 children (Grade 1); 52% boys	PA periods	Observation form	Sex	Individual
Maher et al., 2019 [31]	Australia	23 ASPs; 1068 children	Service contexual information and policies	HAAND	Number of active play zones available	Institutional	% of session in MVPA	Institutional
			Sedentary, LPA, MVPA	SOPLAY	Outdoor play duration	Institutional	Availability of screen before 5 pm	Institutional
			Staff PA and nutrition promotion behaviours	SOSPAN	Screen availability	Institutional	Screen availability	Institutional
					Total number of screen devices	Institutional	Service size	Institutional
					Availability of screens before 5 pm	Institutional	Number of active play zones available	Institutional
					Service size	Institutional	Outdoor play duration	Institutional
					Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal	Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal
					Staff witholding PA	Interpersonal	Staff witholding PA	Interpersonal
							Total number of screen devices	Institutional
Riiser et al., 2019 [32]	Norway	14 ASPs; 426 children (Grade 1); 52% boys	Physical activity	Actigraph accelerometer	BMI	Individual	BMI	Individual
Riiser et al., 2019 [32]	Norway	14 ASPs; 426 children (Grade 1); 52% boys	Child biometrics		Sex	Individual	Sex	Individual
Rosenkranz et al., 2011 [33]	United States	7 ASPs 230 children (grade 3 and 4)	Physical activity	Actigraph accelerometer	Child self-efficacy	Individual
					PA enjoyment	Individual
					Sex	Individual
					BMI	Individual
					Parent PA social support	Interpersonal
					Child socioeconomic status	Individual
					Ethnicity (non-white)	Individual
Trost et al., 2008 [34]	United States	7 ASPs; 147 children (mean age 10.1 years old); 54% male	Physical activity	Actigraph accelerometer	BMI	Individual	BMI	Individual
			Height and weight	Anthropometric measures	Sex	Individual	Sex	Individual
					Indoor free play (comparison academic time)	Institutional
					Indoor free play (comparison indoor organised PA)	Institutional
					Indoor free play (comparison outdoor free play)	Institutional
					Indoor free play (comparison outdoor organised PA)	Institutional
					Indoor free play (comparison snack time)	Institutional
					Indoor organised PA (comparison academic time)	Institutional
					Indoor organised PA (comparison outdoor free play)	Institutional
					Indoor organised PA (comparison outdoor organised PA)	Institutional
					Indoor organised PA (comparison snack time)	Institutional
					Outdoor free play (comparison academic time)	Institutional
					Outdoor free play (comparison outdoor organised PA)	Institutional
					Outdoor free play (comparison snack time)	Institutional
					Outdoor organised PA (comparison academic time)	Institutional
					Outdoor organised PA (comparison snack time)	Institutional
					Snack time (comparison academic time)	Institutional
Weaver et al., 2014 [35]	United States	4 ASPs; Undisclosed	Staff PA and nutrition promotion behaviours	SOSPAN	Children stand and wait during PA games	Institutional	Scheduled enrichment	Institutional
			Scans observed sedentary	SOPLAY	Elimination PA games	Institutional	Children stand and wait during PA games	Institutional
			Scans observed walking	SOPLAY	Idle time	Institutional	Elimination PA games	Institutional
			Scans observed vigorous	SOPLAY	Scheduled academics	Institutional	Scheduled snack	Institutional
					Scheduled activity rotation	Institutional	Idle time	Institutional
					Scheduled bathroom	Institutional	Scheduled academics	Institutional
					Scheduled enrichment	Institutional	Scheduled activity rotation	Institutional
					Scheduled snack	Institutional	Scheduled bathroom	Institutional
					Staff discipline children	Interpersonal	Staff discipline children	Interpersonal
					Staff discouraging PA	Interpersonal	Staff discouraging PA	Interpersonal
					Staff engaged in PA	Interpersonal	Staff engaged in PA	Interpersonal
					Staff giving instructions during PA	Interpersonal	Staff giving instructions during PA	Interpersonal
					Staff leading PA	Interpersonal	Staff leading PA	Interpersonal
					Staff off task during PA	Interpersonal	Staff off task during PA	Interpersonal
					Staff other duties during PA	Interpersonal	Staff other task during PA	Interpersonal
					Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal	Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal
					Staff witholding PA	Interpersonal	Staff witholding PA	Interpersonal
Zarrett et al., 2015 [36]	United States	7 ASPs; Undisclosed (7–12 years old); 56% male	PA levels in METS	SOPLAY	Average temperature	Community
			Social and environment context of PA	SOPLAY	Children appear engaged	Individual
			Social-motivational climate of ASPs	MCOT-PA	Clear PA rules	Institutional
					Free play	Institutional
					Organised PA	Institutional
					PA activity includes most children	Institutional
					PA equipment available	Institutional
					Staff encouraging out-of-program PA	Interpersonal
					Staff engaged in PA	Interpersonal
					Staff leading PA	Interpersonal
					Staff promoting PA	Interpersonal
					Staff supervision	Interpersonal
					Staff supervising PA	Interpersonal
					Usable environment	Institutional
					Youth interacting positively with one another	Interpersonal

Abbreviations: ASPs after school programs, BMI body mass index, HAAND Healthy Afterschool Activity and Nutrition Documentation, HAPI-PA Healthy Afterschool Program Index-Physical Activity scale, LPA light physical activity, MCOT-PA Motivational Climate Observation Tool for Physical Activity, MPA moderate physical activity, MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity, PA physical activity, SEF social ecological framework, SOPLAY System for Observing Play and Leisure in Youth, SOSPAN System for Observing Staff Promotion of Physical Activity and Nutrition

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ISSN: 1471-2458

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