Table 1 PROGRESS-Plus factors’ definitions and examples in the context of socially isolated or lonely older adults
PROGRESS-Plus factor | Definitions and Example |
|---|---|
Place of residence | Residence in areas or facilities that might affect access to or quality of care Example: rural, urban, country of residence (high-, middle-, or low-income), type of residence (e.g., institutionalized, nursing home, assisted living facility), etc |
Race, ethnicity, culture, language | Differences in health outcomes exist across communities of different races, ethnicities, cultures, and languages according to region Example: white, black, Hispanic, Chinese immigrants, non-English speaking, etc |
Occupation | Occupation encompasses different situations like unsafe working environments or lack of access to employee benefits Example: employment status (e.g., unemployed), blue collar job, etc |
Gender or sex | Gender roles or sexual identities that may result in differential health risks or access to health services Example: men, women, cisgender, transgender, etc |
Religion | Religious beliefs or affiliations may limit a patient’s participation in interventions or may lead to bias and discrimination from service providers Example: Christian, Muslim, Jew, etc |
Education | Education level correlate with type of employment and income status, in addition to knowledge about health and preventative health practices Example: years of education, highest level of education completed (high-school, university, college), etc |
Socioeconomic status | Social status and income levels correlate with improvements in living conditions or access to care or preventative health practices Example: income (monthly or household), attainment or type of health insurance, etc |
Social capital | Social relationships and networks, as well as the availability of these networks to provide support Example: marital status, living alone, presence of caregiver, network size, etc |
Plus: Age | Age may be associated with independence, social capital, and health comorbidities Example: elderly, young, age range (e.g., 40–50, 70–80) etc |
Plus: Disability | Any mental health or functional impairment severe enough to reasonably believe that it might impact the ability of the individual to self-manage Example: cognitive impairment, handicap, incapacitated, chronic pain, etc |
Plus: Sexual orientation | Sexual orientation may lead to bias and discrimination from service providers Example: heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, etc |