Table 7 Final multivariable logistic regression model to assess predictors of an increase in experiencing or perpetrating intimate partner violence and abuse (IPVA) during COVID-19 restrictions
Predictors | Any increase in experiencing IPVA (n = 2782)* | Any increase in perpetrating IPVA (n = 2725)†| ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | P value | OR (95% CI) | P value | |
Age | – | – | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | .033 |
Ethnicity | ||||
 Black/African American | 0.19 (0.04, 0.89) | .035 |  |  |
 Asian | 0.46 (0.09, 2.27) | .341 | ||
 Hispanic/Latino | 1.03 (0.50, 2.12) | .935 | ||
 Mixed | 0.99 (0.65, 1.50) | .944 | ||
 Other | 0.75 (0.34, 1.65) | .481 | ||
 White (ref) |  |  | ||
Kessler 6 Distress Scale total score | 1.03 (1.01, 1.05) | .002 | 1.03 (1.01, 1.06) | .003 |
Relationship groups | ||||
 Women partnered w/women |  |  | 0.77 (0.41, 1.43) | 0.405 |
 Women partnered w/men | 0.86 (0.72, 1.03) | 0.106 | ||
 Men partnered w/men | 0.88 (0.53, 1.44) | 0.602 | ||
 Non-binary | 1.60 (0.77, 3.30) | 0.207 | ||
 Men partnered w/women (ref) |  |  | ||
Currently living in your regular place of residence | ||||
 No, I relocated voluntarily due to the COVID-19 |  |  | 1.42 (0.97, 2.08) | .074 |
 No, I am stranded by the COVID-19 restrictions |  |  | 1.94 (0.69, 5.51) | .211 |
 No, but this situation is unrelated to COVID-19 |  |  | 1.23 (0.70, 2.18) | .467 |
 Yes (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Live with children | ||||
 Yes | 1.05 (0.89, 1.25) | .560 | 1.12 (0.93, 1.34) | .243 |
 No (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Area of residence | ||||
  Rural area |  |  | 0.64 (0.42, 0.98)- | .038- |
 Regional area |  |  | 0.84 (0.69, 1.03) | .092 |
 Urban area (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Amount of money left after expenses changed compared with before COVID-19 | ||||
 I/we have more now | 0.89 (0.71, 1.12) | .336 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.51) | .083 |
 I/we have less now | 0.95 (0.78, 1.16) | .630 | 1.54 (1.26, 1.88) | <.001 |
 No change (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Financial strain | ||||
 Very difficult | 1.08 (0.64, 1.85) | .769 | 0.54 (0.29, 1.01) | .055 |
 Difficult | 1.07 (0.71, 1.62) | .737 | 0.59 (0.40, 0.87) | .008 |
 Somewhat difficult | 1.24 (0.97, 1.60) | .091 | 0.88 (0.68, 1.14) | .339 |
 Not very difficult (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Coping with changes related to the pandemic | ||||
 Not coping well | 1.98 (1.20, 3.26) | .008 | 2.11 (1.28, 3.48) | .003 |
 Coping somewhat well | 1.70 (1.40, 2.06) | <.001 | 1.44 (1.19, 1.74) | <.001 |
 Coping really well (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Relationship tension | ||||
 A lot of tension | 6.78 (5.15, 8.93) | <.001 | 5.72 (4.36, 7.52) | <.001 |
 Some tension | 1.96 (1.53, 2.49) | <.001 | 2.29 (1.82, 2.89) | <.001 |
 No tension (ref) |  |  |  |  |
Change in alcohol consumption | ||||
 Only decreased | 1.25 (0.98, 1.60) | .076 | 1.37 (1.06, 1.77) | .015 |
 Only increased | 1.41 (1.14, 1.75) | .002 | 1.52 (1.22, 1.91) | <.001 |
 Increased and decreased | 1.48 (1.04, 2.11) | .030 | 1.42 (1.00, 2.02) | .050 |
 No change (ref) |  |  |  |  |