Table 1 Sample description

Age

32.98 ± 4.06 (21–43)

34.56 ± 5.00 (24–55)

33.90 ± 4.69 (21–55)

Country of birth

 Germany

183 (96.3)

254 (98.1)

437 (97.3)

 Other

7 (3.7)

5 (1.9)

12 (2.7)

Permanent relationship

 Yes

185 (96.9)

259 (99.2)

444 (98.2)

 No

6 (3.1)

2 (0.8)

8 (1.8)

Children

 One

150 (78.5)

206 (78.9)

356 (78.8)

 Two

39 (20.5)

45 (17.3)

84 (18.5)

 Three or more

2 (1.0)

10 (3.8)

12 (2.7)

Educational level

 No university degree

56 (29.3)

81 (31.6)

137 (30.6)

 University degree

135 (70.7)

175 (68.4)

310 (69.4)

Employment status^a

 Full-time employment

59 (30.9)

215 (82.4)

274 (60.6)

 Part-time employment

123 (64.4)

42 (16.1)

165 (36.5)

 Marginal employment

4 (2.1)

5 (1.9)

9 (2.0)

 Irregular employment

5 (2.6)

4 (1.5)

9 (2.0)

 Apprenticeship

5 (2.6)

2 (0.8)

7 (1.5)

 Voluntary service

1 (0.5)

–

1 (0.2)

Working conditions

 Working hrs/w

28.27 ± 11.29 (2–60)

35.48 ± 12.33 (2–72)

32.44 ± 12.42 (2–72)

 Short-time work (yes)

16 (8.4)

32 (12.3)

48 (10.6)

 Home office (yes)

121 (63.4)

163 (62.5)

284 (62.8)

LHD

 Yes

26 (13.8)

31 (11.9)

57 (12.7)

 No

162 (86.2)

229 (88.1)

391 (87.3)

WPC^b (0–100)

40.11 ± 22.69 (0–100)

36.71 ± 20.96 (0–100)

38.15 ± 21.75 (0–100)

ERI

 Effort scale (Range 1–12)

7.45 ± 2.21 (3–12)

7.79 ± 2.01 (3–12)

7.65 ± 2.10 (3–12)

 Reward scale (Range 1–28)

19.36 ± 3.63 (10–28)

19.82 ± 3.48 (7–28)

19.63 ± 3.55 (7–28)

 ERI ratio

0.95 ± 0.38 (0.26–2.00)

0.95 ± 0.35 (0.28–3.67)

0.95 ± 0.36 (0.26–3.67)

   > 1

76 (40.4)

92 (35.5)

168 (37.6)

   ≤ 1

112 (59.6)

167 (64.5)

279 (62.4)

Resilience (Range 0–40)

25.41 ± 5.73 (9–39)

27.19 ± 5.35 (8–39)

26.44 ± 5.58 (8–39)

Depressive symptoms (Range 0–30)

7.03 ± 4.74 (0–22)

4.88 ± 4.49 (0–20)

5.79 ± 4.71 (0–22)

 no/ low symptoms (≤ 9)

137 (71.7)

221 (84.7)

358 (79.2)

 minor depression (10–12)

30 (15.7)

19 (7.3)

49 (10.8)

 major depression (≥ 13)

24 (12.6)

21 (8.0)

45 (10.0)