Table 3 Quantitative socioeconomic impact (A) and (B)
(A) Socioeconomic impact on children/adolescents directly affected by TB | |||||
Author | Impact (1) | Impact (2) | Impact (3) | Pathway on the Conceptual framework (4) | Recommendations by the authors (5) |
Cremers / 2015 [24] | Psychosocial—stigma | Negative | 81.9% of TB patients encountered consequences of stigma Quantitative data demonstrated that children were as vulnerable as adults to suffer from the social consequences of stigma (Not presented in the paper) | Direct/3 | Implementation of interventions at reducing stigma |
Schoeman / 2002 [45] | Education | Negative | Cognitive impairment (80%), poor scholastic progress (43%), and emotional disturbance (40%). Twenty-two per cent of parents complained that their children were aggressive, restless, hyperactive, or had a low level of tolerance to frustration | Direct/1 and Direct/2 | It was concluded that these disabilities in children from mainly deprived socioeconomic backgrounds have serious implications for their future social, academic, and career prospects |
Wait /2010 [48] | Education / psychosocial mental health | Negative | TBM survivors overall showed elevated scores related to social problems, somatic complaints, and total problems. More severe cases had the worst scores on scales that measure disruptive behaviour, attention problems, hyperactivity, aggressive behaviour, rule-breaking behaviour, social behaviour problems, conduct problems and somatic complaints. These findings may suggest a high incidence of ADHD or conduct disorder amongst more severe cases of TB meningitis, however, also this group had a significantly lower mean IQ when compared to less severe cases | Direct/2 and Direct/3 | Authors conclude that intellectual deficit, general behavioural disinhibition as well as internalized emotional disorder are common long-term complications of the survivors of TBM, especially among severe (Stage III) patients |
(B) Socioeconomic impact on children/adolescents indirectly affected by TB | |||||
Author | Impact (1) | Impact (2) | Impact (3) | Map on the Conceptual framework (4) | Recommendations by the authors (5) |
Onazi/2015 [42] | Education | Negative | 2.6% of respondents dropped out of school or had a sick child because of TB | Indirect TB/ 2 | Loss of income by TB patients should be addressed through better labour protection policies |
Rajeswari/1999 [44] | Education, psychosocial, financial | Negative | • Thirty-four per cent of patients reported that due to loss of income they could not afford to buy adequate food or clothing or books for their children • Female patients reported their inability to care for their children and to perform routine household activities • Eleven per cent of the children had discontinued school because of the burden caused by the parent’s illness (8% rural vs. 13% urban, P = 0.05) • 23 children (8%) took up employment to support the family | Indirect TB/1,2,3 | Better support for TB patients, especially women |