Table 1 The most common causes of illness and death attributed to vitamin D deficiency
Serum Vitamin D levels (ng/ml) | Common causes of illness and death | Risk of diseases with low serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D | Evidence from observational and Mendelian randomization studies |
|---|---|---|---|
 < 20 ng/ml | Myocardial infection (MI) | No significant association found | Barbarawi et al. 2019 [25] |
CVD mortality | |||
all-cause mortality | |||
CVD | Increased risk of CVD | Zhou, Selvanayagam et al. 2022 [26] | |
Stroke | The higher risk among both white and black racial individuals | Judd, Morgan et al. 2016 [27] | |
 > 30 ng/ml | MI and mortality | Lower risk | Acharya, Dalia et al. 2021 [28] |
 > 30 ng/ml | COVID-19 outcomes and mortality | Lower risk | Oristrell et al. 2022 [29] |
 > 40 ng/ml | Preterm birth | Lower risk | McDonnell, Baggerly, et al. 2017 [30] |
 > 40 ng/ml | Type 2 Diabetes | Lower risk of diabetes in prediabetic individuals | |
 < 30 ng/ml | Colorectal cancer | higher risk | Kareem and Majid 2022 [33] |
 < 30 ng/ml | Breast cancer | No significant association Higher risk | Shamsi, Afzal et al. 2021 [34] Tahir, Madiha et al. 2022 [35] |
 < 30 ng/ml | COVID-19 | More invasive interventions, complications, and mortality rates observed | Asghar, Yasmin et al. 2022 [36] |
 > 30 ng/ml | Helicobacter Pylori infection | More efficient treatment response | Magsi, Kumar et al. 2021 [37] |
 < 30 ng/ml | Preeclampsia | Higher risk | Shahid, Ladak, et al. 2020 [38] |