Table 2 Summary of study characteristics and main findings of included studies focused on individuals with overweight and obesity
Author | Country | Target group | Sample size (n) | Intervention | Duration (Wks.) | Programme theory | Main outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ahern et al., 2017 [71] | UK | BMI > 28 kg/m2 | 1267 | Behavioural weight loss | 12/52 | Not stated | ↓weight − 3.26 kg in brief intervention, −4.75 kg in the 12-week programme, −6.76 kg in the 52-week programme |
Allicock et al., 2010 [72] | USA | Overweight/obese, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 195 | Motivational interviewing & nutrition education | 24 | Not stated | ↑ of 1.7FV servings (P < 0.05) |
Alves et al., 2009 [73] | Brazil | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 156 | Aerobic exercise | 24 | Not stated | ↑ weight − 1.69 kg, BMI, −0.63 kg/m2 (p < 0.001) |
Aoun et al., 2011 [74] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 40 | Motivational interviewing | 20 | Not stated | ↓ BMI Improvement in healthy dietary habits + Quality-of-life scores ↑ PA + 29 min/wk. |
Ash et al., 2006 [75] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 | 176 | Cognitive behaviour therapy | 8 | Not stated | ↓weight − 2.8 kg (P < 0.05). No change in body fat percent; No change in physical activity. ↑ self-efficacy scores (P = 0.02) |
Azar et al., 2018 [76] | Iran | Obese BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 | 30 | Group schema therapy | 8 | Not stated | ↓concern about weight, diet (p < 0.001) and negative physical self-concept (p < 0.001). |
Beatty et al., 2020 [77] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 72 | Self-monitoring device | 8 | Social cognitive theory | ↓weight 0.8 kg (P = 0.003) |
Beintner et al., 2019 [78] | Germany | Overweight/obese BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 323 | Health promotion | 12 | Not stated | No change in weight. ↑1.15 portions in FV consumption (P < 0.001). ↑ self-esteem (P < 0.001) & life satisfaction (p < 0.001) |
Benyamini et al., 2013 [79] | Israel | Overweight/obese BMI > 27 kg/m2 | 632 | Structured intentions and action planning | 10 | Not stated | ↓ BMI −1.10(IIC), 1.11(BIC) |
Berg et al., 2008 [80] | Germany | Obese BMI 30-40 kg/m2 | 517 | Lifestyle modification | 52 | Not stated | ↓in weight − 6.4 kg (P < 0.001), BMI −2.2 kg/m2 in BMI (P < 0.001) & WC −7.2 cm (P < 0.001) |
Berli et al., 2016 [81] | Switzerland | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 121 | Physical activity | 2 | Action control | No change in PA |
Bouhaidar et al., 2013 [82] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 25–40 kg/m2 | 26 | SMS behaviour modification | 12 | Health Promotion model | ↓weight (P = 0.047) No change in eating behaviours (P = .06); exercise and nutrition self-efficacy (P = .06); ↑PA total MET-minutes/wk.; |
Breslin et al., 2019 [83] | Ireland | Overweight/obese BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 49 | Physical activity | 6 | Not stated | ↓ weight (−3.74 kg, P < 0.001), anxiety score (−4.56, P < 0.001), social dysfunction score (− 3.64, P < 0.001), GHQ depression score (− 2.96) ↑ PA pedometer scores (+ 31,335.11, P < 0.001) |
Brumby et al., 2013 [84] | Australia | Overweight/ obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 68 | Physical activity | 24 | Not stated | ↓ -2.64 kg (p < 0.001), WC − 2.01 (p = 0.02) & BMI −0.97 kg/m2 (P < 0.001). No change in waist-to-hip ratio, body fat percentage and DASS total score ↑ PA 94.4% |
Collins et al., 2012 [85] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 309 | Behaviour change | 12 | Social cognitive theory | ↓ weight in enhanced (− 2.98) & basic (− 2.14 kg) intervention. ↓BMI in enhanced (−0.98 kg/m2) and basic (− 0.72 kg/m2) intervention & ↓WC. No change in PA & quality of life. ↓energy intake (p = 0.03) |
Chung et al., 2014 [86] | Hong Kong | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 60 | Nutrition education & electronic dietary recording system | 12 | Not stated | ↑ dietary recommendation knowledge in the EG (p = 0.009) and FD groups (p = 0.046), eating attitudes scores FD group (p = 0.017). No change HPALwork, sport or leisure indices |
Cleo et al., 2019 [87] | Australia | Overweight/obese (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 75 | Habit-based lifestyle | 12 | Not stated | ↓ -2.4 kg in TTT group, − 1.7 kg DSD group. ↓ BMI − 0.81 kg/m2 TTT group, − 0.6 kg/m2 DSD group, WC − 3.1 cm TTT group, − 2.0 cm DSD group. + healthy behaviour, depression and anxiety and in habits and depression |
Dallow et al., 2003 [88] | USA | Obese BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 44 | Physical activity | 24 | Transtheoretical model, self-efficacy theory | ↑ self-efficacy (P = 0.016) ↑ energy expenditure |
Dean et al., 2018 [89] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 34 | Physical activity | 10 | Self-determination theory, social ecological framework of health behaviour, social cognitive theory | ↑ PA (P < 0.05). ↓weight (P < 0.05), body fat percentage − 1.2%, P < 0.05) No change in BMI, WC |
del Rey-Moya et al., 2012 [90] | Spain | Obese BMI > 30 kg/m2 | 130 | Physical activity | 7 | Not stated | No change in weight, BMI, WC ↑number of hours spent walking (P = 0.007) & PA hours (P = 0.009) |
Dombrowski et al., 2012 [91] | UK | Obese BMI > 35 kg/m2 | 74 | Dietary and physical activity behaviour change | 5 | Self-regulation theory, social cognitive theory, social comparison theory, relapse prevention model | ↓ weight − 0.86 kg (P = 0.0001) ↑ of 1.6 PA sessions (P = 0.002) No change in diet. |
Folta et al., 2009 [92] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI > 24 kg/m2 | 96 | Physical activity | 12 | Social cognitive theory | ↓ weight (−2.1 kg), WC (− 2.3in), BMI (−0.8 kg/m2) energy intake (−390 kcal/d). ↑ PA (+ 1637 steps/day), dietary & PA self-efficacy scores |
Garcia et al., 2019 [93] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 25-50 kg/m2 | 50 | Diet and physical activity | 12 /24 | Social cognitive theory, problem solving theory | ↓weight (−6.3 kg), body fat percent (−1.6%), WC (−4.7 cm). ↑PA 183 minutes/week. ↓ mean caloric dietary intake (−51.3%) |
Godino et al., 2019 [94] | USA | Obese/overweight BMI 27-39.9 kg/m2 | 298 | Personalised text message & health-coaching | 52 | Not stated | ↓weight − 1.68 (−3.08 to −0.27) in ConTxt only, & − 3.63 (−5.05 to −2.81) in ConTxt plus health-coaching calls. |
Gram et al., 2014 [95] | Denmark | Overweight/obese BMI 25-30 kg/m2 | 6 | Physical activity | 12 | Theory of planned behaviour | ↓weight (−3.8 kg) for moderate exercise group (−2.2 kg) for high exercise. ↓BMI in moderate and high exercise groups |
Grey et al., 2019 [96] | UK | Overweight/obese, BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 59 | Physical activity | 12 | Evolutionary mismatch | ↑PA (p < 0.05) ↓ energy intake (− 431 kcal/day, p < 0.01) |
Groh et al., 2015 [97] | USA | Overweight/obese, BMI ≥ 30/WC >35in | 55 | Nutrition education & physical activity | 24 | Not stated | ↑Mental component summary score (p < 0.001). |
Hardcastle et al., 2008 [98] | UK | Overweight/obese, BMI ≥28 kg/m2 | 218 | Nutrition and physical activity education | 24 | Not stated | ↑ walking (114 min/week, p = 0.01), combined PA (p = 0.05) ↓BMI (p = 0.01) ↑FV intake, ↓fat intake |
Hardcastle et al., 2013 [99] | UK | Overweight/obese, BMI ≥ 28 | 334 | Motivational interviewing | 24 | Self-determination theory | ↑walking at 6 months (p = 0.006) & 18 months (p = 0.032) No change in dietary fat intake No change in BMI |
Hutchesson et al., 2014 [100] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 268 | Behaviour change | 12 | Social cognitive theory | ↓weight − 2.3 kg (basic), −3.1 kg (enhanced), P < 0.001) ↑ percentage of energy contribution from fruits and reduced energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods (P < 0.001) |
Jane et al., 2017 [101] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 67 | Nutrition education & physical activity | 24 | Not stated | ↓weight (p = 0.016), WC (P = 0.01) + psychological health (p = 0.022) No change in energy intake & PA |
Kegler et al., 2016 [102] | USA | Overweight/obese | 349 | Improvement of home environment | 16 | Social-cognitive theory | ↓ energy intake (− 274 kcal) No change in PA |
Keller et al., 2001 [103] | USA | Overweight/obese, BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 36 | Physical activity | 24 | Not stated | ↓ weight (−1.36 kg) & BMI(−1 kg/m2) in low frequency group ↑ weight(+ 1.36 kg) in high frequency group |
Kleist et al., 2017 [104] | Germany | Overweight/obese, BMI 27-35 kg/m2 | 82 | Energy restricted diet &physical activity | 12 | Not stated | ↓weight (−8.8 kg), total fat mass (−6.4), BMI (−2.8 kg/m2) ↑PA (4.6MET-h/24 h) in DI + walking group. ↓weight (−7.0 kg), BMI (− 2.3 kg/m2), fat mass (−4.8 kg) ↑PA (0.5 MET-h/24 h) in diet only group. |
Kraushaar et al., 2014 [105] | Germany | Overweight/obese BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 82 | Physical activity & behaviour change | 24 | Adoption of cognitive feedback control | + VO2 peak of 3.7 ml/kg/min ↓BMI (−1.6 kg/m2), weight (−4.8 kg) and fat mass (−3.6 kg) |
Lee et al., 2011 [106] | South Korea | Obese/overweight BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 49 | Physical activity, behaviour change & nutrition education | 12 | Self-management | ↓BMI (−1.05, p < 0.001) in self-management group, (− 1.22, p < 0.001) in structured exercise group. ↑Total exercise time by > 20 min in each exercise session (p = 0.005) self-management group (p < 0.001) structured exercise group. |
Lutes et al., 2010 [107] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 31.4 kg/m2 | 25 | Behaviour change | 12 | Small changes approach/Problem solving Therapy (PST) | ↓weight (−3.2 kg, p < 0.001), BMI (− 1.2 kg/m2, p < 0.001) ↑ daily step count (p = 0.08) No change in caloric intake |
Marquez et al., 2013 [108] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 27-50 kg/m2 | 27 | Behaviour change | 12 | Not stated | ↓ weight in both groups (ILG: −4.7 kg & PLG: − 4.3 kg) ↑weight loss self-efficacy (p < 0.01), exercise self-efficacy (p = 0.02), family social support for exercise habits (p = 0.01) No changes in PA (p = 0.59) |
Mayer et al., 2019 [109] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 402 | Behaviour change | 24 | Not stated | ↓percentage weight (− 1.4%, p = 0.008) ↑ BMI (+ 0.007 kg/m2) No changes in FV intake |
McRobbie et al., 2019 [110] | UK | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 | 295 | Dietary, physical activity & behaviour change | 8 | Not stated | ↓weight (−4.2 kg) in WAP arm than in PNI arm (−2.3 kg) ↑knowledge of caloric content of food. ↑PA (359 in WAP vs. 215 in MET-minutes/week, in PNI, p = 0·18). |
Mohamed et al., 2018 [111] | Malaysia | Overweight/obese BMI > 23 kg/m2 | 61 | Dietary, physical activity & behaviour change | 12 | Not stated | ↑ vegetable intake (+ 1.0 serving size). ↓total calorie intake 9-375 kcal/day). ↑PA (+2366MET-minutes/week) ↓weight (−2.5 kg), BMI (−1.2 kg/m2) body fat percentage (− 1.6%). |
Mohd et al., 2017 [112] | Malaysia | Overweight/obese 25.0 - 39.9 kg/m2 | 209 | Dietary, physical activity & behaviour change | 52 | Not stated | ↓weight (−1.13 kg, p < 0.05) No change in BMI. |
Mummah et al., 2017 [113] | USA | Overweight/obese BMI 28-40 kg/m2 | 135 | Mobile app behaviour change | 12 | Social Cognitive Theory | ↑ + 2 servings vegetables (p = 0.04) |
Park et al., 2009 [114] | South Korea | Overweight/Obese BMI > 23 kg/m2 | 49 | Nutrition education | 8 | Not stated | ↓weight (−1.6 kg; p < 0.05), WC (−2.8 cm; p < 0.05). |
Silina et al., 2017 [115] | Latvia | Overweight/obese BMI > 25 kg/m2 | 123 | Dietary & behaviour change | 52 | Planned behavioural theory and social cognitive theory | ↓weight (−2.4 kg), BMI (−0.81 kg/m2), WC (−5.0 cm) |
Sniehotta et al., 2019 [116] | UK | Overweight/obese BMI ≥30 kg/m2 | 264 | Behaviour change | 52 | Self-regulation theory | No change in weight (−0.07 kg, p = 0.9) |
Solbrig et al., 2018 [117] | UK | Overweight/obese BMI ≥25 kg/m2 | 114 | Functional Imagery Training or Motivational Interviewing | 24 | Elaborated Intrusion theory; Motivational Interviewing | ↓weight (−4.11 kg, p < 0.001), WC (−7.02 cm, p < 0.001) |
Tapsell et al., 2014 [118] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-35 kg/m2 | 113 | Dietary | 52 | Not stated | ↓weight (−6.5 kg) and energy intake (−2000kj/day, p < 0.001). |
Tapsell et al., 2016 [119] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 21 | Diet & physical activity behaviour change | 12 | Acceptance commitment theory | ↓weight (−3.98 kg, p = 0.002), BMI (−1.24 kg/m2, p = 0.002), body fat percent (− 3.25%, p = 0.034), WC (5.14 cm, p = 0.001) ↓energy from dietary fat (− 4.5%, p = 0.004). No change in quality of life & PA |
Uemura et al., 2019 [120] | Japan | Overweight/obese BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 | 44 | Nutrition education | 8 | Not stated | ↓weight (−1.69 kg, p < 0.001), BMI (−0.71 kg/m2, p < 0.001), WC (− 1.91 cm, p < 0.001) ↑dietary fibre intake (p < 0.001) ↓CES-D score. |
Watkins et al., 2014 [121] | USA | Overweight/obese Average BMI 34.4 | 38 | Physical activity & behaviour change | 12 | Not stated | No change in weight, BMI or body fat percentage. ↑PA score (p < 0.001) + depression scores (p < 0.02) |
Whitelock et al., 2019 [122] | UK | Overweight/obese BMI ≥25.0 kg/m2 | 107 | Dietary education | 8 | Not stated | No change in weight, energy intake and self-efficacy |
Whitham et al., 2014 [123] | UK | Overweight/obese BMI 27-35 kg/m2 | 85 | Dietary intervention/education | 12 | Not stated | No change in weight |
Wyke et al., 2019 [124] | England, The Netherlands, Norway & Portugal | Overweight/obese BMI ≥27 kg/m2 | 1113 | Physical activity, diet &behaviour change | 12 | Self-determination theory | ↓ weight (−2.6 kg, p < 0.0001), BMI (−0.8 kg/m2, p < 0.0001), WC (−3.3 cm, p < 0.0001). ↑PA (mean step count of + 678 steps/day, p < 0.001) + in wellbeing, self-esteem & dietary intake No change in quality of life |
Young et al., 2015 [125] | Australia | Overweight/obese BMI 25-40 kg/m2 | 92 | Physical activity & nutrition education | 52 | Social cognitive theory | No change in PA & discretionary food cognitions. |