Table 2 Dietary intakes among tertiles of the HBI in obese and overweight women (n = 210)
Variables | Tertiles of HBI | Â | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T1 (< 63) N = 75 | T2 (63–67) N = 80 | T3 (> 67) N = 55 | p-value | p-value* | |
Mean (SD) | |||||
Dietary intakes | |||||
 Energy (kcal/d) | 2525.68 (670.80) | 2678.56 (806.26) | 2587.73 (814.74) | 0.470 | – |
 Protein (g/d) | 86.08 (25.73) | 92.96 (30.47) | 88.07 (28.78) | 0.320 | 0.684 |
 Carbohydrate (g/d) | 355.75 (116.08) | 374.51 (126.96) | 383.59 (129.04) | 0.424 | 0.017 |
 Total fat (g/d) | 92.16 (31.28) | 98.48 (33.73) | 87.24 (32.16) | 0.153 | 0.052 |
 Cholesterol (mg/d) | 238.35 (97.77) | 270.12 (114.09) | 260.90 (95.39) | 0.162 | 0.387 |
 SFA (mg/d) | 26.65 (9.82) | 30.29 (12.55) | 26.09 (10.80) | 0.059 | 0.063 |
 MUFA (g/d) | 31.83 (12.15) | 31.71 (11.14) | 28.17 (10.52) | 0.147 | 0.019 |
 PUFA (g/d) | 20.50 (9.65) | 20.17 (8.39) | 17.84 (8.11) | 0.210 | 0.095 |
 Linolenic acid (g/d) | 1.04 (0.59) | 1.48 (0.67) | 1.10 (0.52) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
 Linoleic acid (g/d) | 18.05 (9.33) | 17.04 (7.85) | 15.24 (7.57) | 0.181 | 0.069 |
 EPA (mg/d) | 0.03 (0.04) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.720 | 0.596 |
 DHA (mg/d) | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.10 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.12) | 0.719 | 0.585 |
 TFA (mg/d) | 0.0009 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.004) | 0.608 | 0.611 |
 Sodium (mg/d) | 4195.75 (1335.16) | 4390.39 (1437.69) | 3972.09 (1375.03) | 0.249 | 0.194 |
 Potassium (mg/d) | 4110.79 (1566.16) | 4412.91 (1472.64) | 4719.56 (1665.52) | 0.096 | 0.016 |
 Vitamin A (RAE) | 717.14 (349.91) | 846.60 (425.03) | 858.54 (507.79) | 0.095 | 0.177 |
 Β-carotene (mg/d) | 4681.27 (2671.73) | 5796.22 (3689.95) | 5950.14 (4746.29) | 0.089 | 0.160 |
 Vitamin D (μg/d) | 2.04 (1.62) | 1.83 (1.34) | 2.15 (1.63) | 0.496 | 0.310 |
 Vitamin E (mg/d) | 19.35 (11.07) | 15.20 (6.34) | 15.54 (8.75) | 0.010 | 0.001 |
 Thiamin (μg/d) | 2.04 (0.63) | 2.08 (0.65) | 2.03 (0.72) | 0.882 | 0.406 |
 Riboflavin (mg/d) | 2.15 (0.87) | 2.24 (0.73) | 2.30 (0.95) | 0.578 | 0.454 |
 Niacin (mg/d) | 24.01 (7.33) | 26.18 (9.75) | 25.39 (10.40) | 0.343 | 0.723 |
 Vitamin B6 (μg/d) | 2.03 (0.64) | 2.22 (0.75) | 2.30 (0.76) | 0.094 | 0.027 |
 folate (μg/d) | 588.44 (177.85) | 609.71 (172.37) | 621.76 (185.88) | 0.559 | 0.293 |
 Vitamin B12 (μg/d) | 4.16 (1.91) | 4.70 (2.45) | 4.70 (3.40) | 0.365 | 0.542 |
 Biotin | 36.85 (15.13) | 38.08 (13.16) | 44.82 (25.58) | 0.036 | 0.008 |
 Pantothenic acid | 6.36 (2.18) | 6.34 (1.89) | 6.97 (3.67) | 0.328 | 0.055 |
 Vitamin K (μg/d) | 185.35 (108.12) | 243.77 (209.60) | 258.04 (325.10) | 0.125 | 0.178 |
 Phosphorus (mg/d) | 1609.31 (497.78) | 1691.62 (534.58) | 1638.43 (559.50) | 0.630 | 0.989 |
 Vitamin C μmol/L) | 179.01 (159.25) | 186.77 (101.70) | 228.14 (127.78) | 0.101 | 0.041 |
 Calcium (mg/d) | 1138.60 (416.04) | 1197.82 (413.37) | 1167.81 (424.00) | 0.697 | 0.998 |
 Iron (mg/d) | 18.05 (5.90) | 19.14 (5.93) | 18.71 (6.88) | 0.559 | 0.910 |
 Magnesium (mg/d) | 448.85 (145.78) | 473.38 (147.65) | 478.12 (164.87) | 0.482 | 0.399 |
 Zinc (mg/d) | 12.80 (4.29) | 13.40 (4.21) | 13.09 (4.68) | 0.701 | 0.948 |
 Copper (mg/d) | 1.89 (0.61) | 2.03 (0.62) | 2.12 (1.04) | 0.217 | 0.082 |
 Manganese (mg/d) | 7.09 (2.43) | 7.33 (2.79) | 7.17 (3.73) | 0.888 | 0.946 |
 Selenium (mg/d) | 121.04 (38.16) | 120.16 (43.18) | 116.07 (49.30) | 0.802 | 0.216 |
 Chromium (mg/d) | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.09) | 0.249 | 0.140 |
 Total fiber (g/d) | 42.75 (19.13) | 45.83 (17.01) | 44.65 (18.36) | 0.531 | 0.767 |
 Caffeine (mg/d) | 140.73 (101.87) | 174.46 (128.42) | 176.28 (276.96) | 0.396 | 0.458 |
Food groups | |||||
 Whole grains (g/d) | 6.42 (7.77) | 7.19 (11.07) | 13.67 (15.01) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
 Fruits (g/d) | 477.82 (372.87) | 500.44 (300.18) | 647.12 (401.28) | 0.022 | 0.006 |
 Vegetables (g/d) | 418.82 (260.28) | 461.96 (249.80) | 507.20 (326.37) | 0.205 | 0.250 |
 Nuts (g/d) | 13.02 (16.76) | 18.08 (17.17) | 15.91 (19.26) | 0.215 | 0.461 |
 Legumes (g/d) | 53.80 (44.74) | 55.47 (41.51) | 54.89 (42.47) | 0.972 | 0.697 |
 Tea and coffee (ml/d) | 681.17 (503.71) | 855.23 (624.84) | 903.13 (1399.35) | 0.293 | 0.422 |
 Refined grains (g/d) | 441.31 (237.54) | 409.66 (194.69) | 425.89 (277.49) | 0.712 | 0.219 |
 Dairy (ml/d) | 391.09 (244.07) | 376.88 (212.09) | 428.26 (324.62) | 0.537 | 0.372 |
 Eggs (g/d) | 20.35 (12.89) | 21.53 (13.26) | 24.80 (14.96) | 0.186 | 0.155 |
 Fish and seafood (g/d) | 12.78 (12.93) | 11.30 (10.56) | 13.15 (13.92) | 0.657 | 0.435 |
 White meat (g/d) | 43.32 (34.69) | 53.90 (53.55) | 46.23 (33.31) | 0.297 | 0.351 |
 Red meat (g/d) | 18.60 (14.69) | 26.72 (22.71) | 22.81 (20.43) | 0.041 | 0.095 |