Prevalence and determinants of hypertension among urban slum dwellers in Bangladesh

BMC Public Health

Table 1 Bivariate analysis of sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics with hypertension among adult urban slum dwellers in Bangladesh (N = 1,155)

Characteristics	Total (N = 1,155)	% No hypertension (N = 828)	% Hypertension (N = 327)	P
Overall	100.00	71.69	28.31	-
Age in years
35–44	490 (42.42)	81.84	18.16	< 0.001
45–54	298 (25.80)	69.46	30.54
55–64	240 (20.78)	61.67	38.33
≥ 65	127 (11.00)	56.69	43.31
Gender
Male	645 (55.84)	76.12	23.88	< 0.001
Female	510 (44.16)	66.08	33.92
Level of education
No formal education	622 (53.85)	71.22	28.78	0.925
Primary incomplete	172 (14.89)	73.84	26.16
Primary/secondary incomplete	264 (22.86)	71.59	28.41
Secondary or higher	97 (8.40)	71.13	28.87
Occupation
Unemployed	534 (46.23)	64.79	35.21	< 0.001
Employed	621 (53.77)	77.62	22.38
Current marital status
Married	974 (84.33)	74.02	25.98
Single	181 (15.67)	59.12	40.88
Household wealth status ^a
Poorest	169 (20.00)	73.16	26.84	0.014
Poorer	177 (20.78)	73.75	26.25
Middle	176 (19.39)	78.57	21.43
Richer	155 (20.61)	65.13	34.87
Richest	151 (19.22)	68.02	31.98
Locality
City corporation	726 (62.86)	73.19	26.81
Municipality	429 (37.14)	70.80	29.20	0.383
Current smoker or smokeless tobacco user ^b
No	416 (36.02)	69.95	30.05	0.326
Yes	739 (63.98)	72.67	27.33
Daily sleep hours
Less than 7 h	294 (25.45)	64.29	35.71	< 0.001
7–9 h	772 (66.84)	75.39	24.61
More than 9 h	89 (7.71)	64.04	35.96
Physical activity ^c
Inactivity	329 (28.48)	72.64	27.36	0.643
Less activity	602 (52.12)	72.09	27.91
Moderate to high activity	224 (19.39)	69.20	30.80
BMI ^d
Underweight	100 (8.66)	79.00	21.00	< 0.001
Normal	529 (45.80)	78.26	21.74
Overweight	233 (20.17)	70.39	29.61
Obese	293 (25.37)	58.36	41.64
Self-reported diabetes
No	1072 (92.81)	74.16	25.84	< 0.001
Yes	83 (7.19)	39.76	60.24

^a Household wealth index was constructed using factor analysis of household-level key socioeconomic variables and categorized into poorest, poorer, middle, richer, and richest based on cut-point values of the wealth score (≤ 20%, 21–40%, 41–60%, 61–80% and > 80%)
^b The participants were considered as ‘current smoker or current smokeless tobacco’ user if they consumed tobacco or smokeless tobacco in the past 30 days
^c Physical activity was measured through a modified activity questionnaire that comprises routine daily tasks such as commuting, occupational tasks or household activities, and purposeful health-enhancing movements/activities. Participants who did not do any physical activity were classified as inactive; those who spent 75 min of vigorous-intensity physical activity, or 150 min of moderate-intensity physical activity, or an equivalent combination of vigorous- and moderate-intensity activity in a week were categorized as high activity; others were classified as less active
^d Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kg/(height in meter)² and categorized using Asian cut-off of underweight (BMI < 18.5), normal (18.5–22.9), overweight (23.0–24.9), and obese (≥ 25.0)

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