Can uptake of childhood influenza immunisation through schools and GP practices be increased through behaviourally-informed invitation letters and reminders: two pragmatic randomized controlled trials

Howell-Jones, Rebecca; Gold, Natalie; Bowen, Sarah; Bunten, Amanda; Tan, Karen; Saei, Ayoub; Jones, Sarah; MacDonald, Pauline; Watson, Robin; Bennett, Kirsty F.; Chadborn, Tim

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14439-4

Table 7 Multi-level GLM models predicting the outcomes, school and school year nested in schools as random effects*

From: Can uptake of childhood influenza immunisation through schools and GP practices be increased through behaviourally-informed invitation letters and reminders: two pragmatic randomized controlled trials

	Model 1: Proportion of flu vaccine doses given (number given of number of vaccine doses possible)		Model 2: Number of consent forms returned		Model 3: Number of consent forms where consent was granted		Model 4: Number of consent forms where consent was refused
	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p	β (SE)	p
Treatment (base = control)
Letter	0.029 (0.041)	0.476	0.129 (0.059)	0.03	0.032 (0.040)	0.42	0.174 (0.058)	< 0.001
Reminder	0.086 (0.041)	0.036	0.150 (0.059)	0.01	0.100 (0.040)	0.01	0.057 (0.059)	0.33
Letter^aReminder	−0.036 (0.058)	0.533	−0.118 (0.084)	0.16	− 0.052 (0.057)	0.37	−0.068 (0.083)	0.41
Free school meals (%)	−0.017 (0.002)	< 0.001	− 0.021 (0.003)	< 0.001	− 0.015 (0.002)	< 0.001	− 0.010 (0.003)	< 0.001
Ethnicity (%) White dropped as baseline
Mixed	0.002 (0.005)	0.759	0.001 (0.008)	0.92	0.001 (0.005)	0.92	0.009 (0.008)	0.25
Asian	−0.012 (0.001)	< 0.001	−0.009 (0.002)	< 0.001	− 0.012 (0.001)	< 0.001	0.010 (0.002)	< 0.001
Black	−0.012 (0.003)	< 0.001	−0.026 (0.004)	< 0.001	− 0.015 (0.003)	< 0.001	− 0.023 (0.005)	< 0.001
Other	− 0.020 (0.008)	0.017	− 0.020 (0.012)	0.11	− 0.021 (0.008)	0.01	0.018 (0.012)	0.14
Religious denomination (base = no religion)
Catholic	−0.046 (0.063)	0.463	0.210 (0.091)	0.02	−0.005 (0.062)	0.94	0.450 (0.008)	< 0.001
Church of England	−0.051 (0.037)	0.172	0.053 (0.054)	0.32	−0.020 (0.037)	0.58	0.165 (0.053)	< 0.001
Other Christian Faith	0.276 (0.456)	0.545	−0.105 (0.658)	0.87	0.104 (0.445)	0.81	−0.351 (0.660)	0.59
Sikh	0.486 (0.481)	0.312	−0.194 (0.682)	0.78	0.407 (0.471)	0.39	−1.279 (0.751)	0.09
Other	0.798 (0.463)	0.085	0.266 (0.672)	0.69	0.833(0.454)	0.07	−1.084 (0.655)	0.10
High deprivation, quintile = 1 (base = quintiles 2–5)	−0.073 (0.054)	0.171	−0.165 (0.077)	0.03	−0.103 (0.053)	0.05	−0.193 (0.078)	0.01
Urban (base = rural)	0.062 (0.039)	0.115	0.004 (0.056)	0.94	0.055 (0.039)	0.15	−0.030 (0.056)	0.59
Constant	0.804 (0.049)	< 0.001	1.528 (0.07)	< 0.001	0.945 (0.048)	< 0.001	−2.506 (0.071)	< 0.001
Variation between schools	0.165 (0.010)	< 0.001	0.379 (0.023)	< 0.001	0.156 (0.010)	< 0.001	0.308 (0.021)	< 0.001
Variation between school year nested in schools	0.042 (0.005)	< 0.001	0.066 (0.007)	< 0.001	0.043 (0.005)	< 0.001	0.047 (0.010)	< 0.001
ICC	0.047 (0.003)		0.102 (0.005)		0.045 (0.003)		0.085 (0.005)
Wald chi2(3)	399.18		335.62		448.13		169.83
Prob > chi2	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
LR test	3356.94		5122.97		2996.16		1811.57
Prob > LR	< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001		< 0.001
n	3010		2994		2994		2994

^aFor 16 schools in the trial, an inconsistency in the data for number of consent forms returned led us to drop these observations from analysis of return of consent forms (Models 2–4), although they were included in the analysis of the primary outcome measure (uptake, Model 1)

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