Table 1 Distribution of participant characteristics by different types of USC
Characteristics | Total (n = 3309) | USC | P-value | Total (n = 1138) | USC | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public hospitals (n = 2171) | Primary care facilities (n = 1138) | Private primary care facilities (n = 523) | Public primary care facilities (n = 615) | |||||
Gender, n (%) | ||||||||
 Male | 1,424 (43.03) | 970 (44.68) | 454 (39.89) | 0.008 | 454 (39.89) | 197 (37.67) | 257 (41.79) | 0.157 |
 Female | 1,885 (56.97) | 1,201 (55.32) | 684(60.11) |  | 684(60.11) | 326 (62.33) | 358 (58.21) |  |
Age, mean (SD) | 65.98 (9.23) | 66.58 (9.27) | 64.82 (9.03) | < 0.001 | 64.82 (9.03) | 64.03 (8.91) | 65.49 (9.09) | 0.006 |
Marriage, n (%) | ||||||||
 Single | 623 (18.83) | 397 (18.29) | 226 (19.86) | 0.272 | 226 (19.86) | 118 (22.56) | 108 (17.56) | 0.035 |
 Current partnership | 2,686 (81.17) | 1,774 (81.71) | 912 (80.14) |  | 912 (80.14) | 405 (77.44) | 507 (82.44) |  |
Education, n (%) | ||||||||
 Illiterate | 820 (24.78) | 433 (19.94) | 387 (34.01) | < 0.001 | 387 (34.01) | 208 (39.77) | 179 (29.11) |  < 0.001 |
 Primary school | 1,120 (33.85) | 657 (30.26) | 463 (40.69) |  | 463 (40.69) | 213 (40.73) | 250 (40.65) |  |
 Secondary school | 656 (19.82) | 480 (22.11) | 176 (15.47) |  | 176 (15.47) | 75 (14.34) | 101 (16.42) |  |
 High school or above | 713 (21.55) | 601 (27.68) | 112 (9.84) |  | 112 (9.84) | 27 (5.16) | 85 (13.82) |  |
Residency, n (%) | ||||||||
 Urban | 2,065 (62.41) | 1,643 (75.68) | 422 (37.08) | < 0.001 | 422 (37.08) | 167 (31.93) | 255 (41.46) | 0.001 |
 Rural | 1,244 (37.59) | 528 (24.32) | 716 (62.92) |  | 716 (62.92) | 356 (68.07) | 360 (58.54) |  |
Insurance, n (%) | ||||||||
 No | 425 (12.84) | 283 (13.04) | 142 (12.48) | 0.649 | 142 (12.48) | 105 (20.08) | 37 (6.02) |  < 0.001 |
 Yes | 2,884 (87.16) | 1,888 (86.96) | 996 (87.52) |  | 996 (87.52) | 418 (79.92) | 578 (93.98) |  |
Income quintile, n (%) | ||||||||
 Poorest | 557 (16.83) | 256 (11.79) | 301 (26.45) |  < 0.001 | 301 (26.45) | 179 (34.23) | 122 (19.84) |  < 0.001 |
 Q2 | 563 (17.01) | 290 (13.36) | 273 (23.99) |  | 273 (23.99) | 156 (29.83) | 117 (19.84) |  |
 Q3 | 671 (20.28) | 455 (20.91) | 217 (19.07) |  | 217 (19.07) | 85 (16.25) | 132 (21.46) |  |
 Q4 | 771 (23.30) | 561 (25.84) | 210 (18.45) |  | 210 (18.45) | 76 (14.53) | 134 (21.79) |  |
 Richest | 747 (22.57) | 610 (28.10) | 137 (12.04) |  | 137 (12.04) | 27 (5.16) | 110 (17.89) |  |
Health status, n (%) | ||||||||
 Bad | 1,011 (30.55) | 608 (28.01) | 403 (35.41) | < 0.001 | 403 (35.41) | 211 (40.34) | 192 (31.22) | 0.001 |
 Moderate | 1,634 (49.38) | 1,098 (50.58) | 536 (47.10) |  | 536 (47.10) | 239 (45.70) | 297 (48.29) |  |
 Good | 664 (20.07) | 465 (21.42) | 199 (17.49) |  | 199 (17.49) | 73 (13.96) | 126 (20.49) |  |
BMI, n (%) | ||||||||
 Underweight | 75 (2.27) | 45 (2.07) | 30 (2.64) |  | 30 (2.64) | 15 (2.87) | 15 (2.44) | 0.111 |
 Normal weight | 1,654 (49.98) | 1,089 (50.16) | 565 (49.65) |  | 565 (49.65) | 277 (52.96) | 290 (46.83) |  |
 Overweight | 1,154 (34.87) | 753 (34.68) | 401 (35.24) |  | 401 (35.24) | 176 (33.65) | 225 (36.59) |  |
 Obesity | 426 (12.87) | 284 (13.08) | 142 (12.48) |  | 142 (12.48) | 55 (10.52) | 89 (14.15) |  |
ADLs, n (%) | ||||||||
 No | 923 (27.89) | 648 (29.85) | 275 (24.17) | 0.001 | 275 (24.17) | 99 (18.93) | 176 (28.62) |  < 0.001 |
 Yes | 2,386 (72.11) | 1,523 (70.15) | 863 (75.83) |  | 863 (75.83) | 424 (81.07) | 439 (71.38) |  |
IADLs, n (%) | ||||||||
 No | 2,958 (89.39) | 1972 (90.83) | 986 (86.64) | < 0.001 | 986 (86.64) | 453 (86.62) | 533 (86.67) | 0.980 |
 Yes | 351 (10.61) | 199 (9.17) | 152 (13.36) |  | 152 (13.36) | 70 (13.38) | 82 (13.33) |  |
Depression, n (%) | ||||||||
 No | 3235 (97.76) | 2130 (98.11) | 1105 (97.10) | 0.062 |  1105 (97.10) | 505 (96.56) | 600 (97.56) | 0.315 |
 Yes | 74 (2.24) | 41 (1.89) | 33 (2.90) |  |  33 (2.90) | 18 (3.44) | 15 (2.44) |  |
Chronic conditions, n (%) | ||||||||
 1 | 1,396 (42.19) | 845 (38.92) | 551 (48.42) | < 0.001 |  551 (48.42) | 258 (49.33) | 293 (47.64) | 0.570 |
 2 and above | 1913 (57.81) | 1,326 (61.08) | 587 (51.58) |  |  587 (51.58) | 265 (50.67) | 322 (52.36) |  |