Table 1 Demographics and characteristics of child lead exposure cases resident in England reported to UKHSA in 2014–2020

Sex

262

237

0.205

 Male

177

67

0.12 (-0.07, 0.30)

 Female

85

32

reference

 missing

4

1

Age^a

266

241

0.001 (-0.12, 0.12)

0.986

Age Group

266

241

0.427

  < 1 year old

52

20

reference

 1–5

152

57

0.07 (-0.15, 0.29)

 6–10

47

18

0.22 (-0.06, 0.50)

 11–15

15

6

-0.09 (-0.50, 0.33)

BLC categories (µmols/L)

241

241

  < 0.48

22

8

 0.48–0.75

105

40

 0.76–1

45

17

 1.01–1.5

40

15

 1.51–2

12

5

 2.01–10

15

6

  > 10

2

 < 1

 missing

25

9

Year of report

266

241

 < 0.001

 2014

31

12

reference

 2015

33

12

0.49 (0.15, 0.83)

 2016

33

12

-0.20 (-0.54, 0.14)

 2017

50

19

-0.17 (-0.47, 0.13)

 2018

45

17

-0.22 (-0.53, 0.09)

 2019

39

15

-0.46 (-0.79, -0.14)

 2020

35

13

-0.25 (-0.59, 0.08)

Geographical location (UKHSA Centre)

265

240

0.449

 East Midlands

8

3

reference

 East of England

21

8

0.65 (0.03, 1.26)

 London

57

21

0.67 (0.10, 1.24)

 North East

4

2

0.98 (0.1, 1.83)

 North West

41

15

0.52 (-0.07, 1.11)

 South East

18

7

0.68 (0.05, 1.31)

 South West

15

6

0.61 (-0.05, 1.26)

 West Midlands

18

7

0.65 (0.03, 1.28)

 Yorkshire and Humber

83

31

0.85 (0.2, 1.41)

 missing

1

 < 1

Health Protection Teams (HPT)

266

-

-

-

 Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire

22

8

 Cheshire and Merseyside

28

11

 Cumbria and Lancashire

9

3

 East Midlands North

8

3

 Greater Manchester

4

2

 Hampshire and Isle of Wight

7

3

 North East

4

2

 North East and Central London

31

12

 North West London

16

6

 North Yorkshire and Humber

7

3

 South East London

10

4

 South West (South)

15

6

 South West London

1

 < 1

 Sussex and Surrey

10

4

 West Midlands East

16

6

 West Midlands West

2

 < 1

 West Yorkshire

76

29

Location/status

hospitalised

42

42

 < 0.001

 No

44

17

reference

 Yes

7

3

1.78 (1.17, 2.39)

 Not known

215

81

Deceased

1

 < 1

Status

241

241

0.042

 Open

22

8

reference

 Closed

233

88

-0.01 (-0.57, 0.54)

 Pending

11

4

0.29 (-0.04, 0.62)

IMD quintile

266

241

0.748

 1-most deprived

131

49

reference

 2

55

21

-0.06 (-0.30, 0.18)

 3

41

15

0.15 (-0.12–0.43)

 4

23

9

0.02 (-0.31, 0.35)

 5- least deprived

16

6

-0.24 (-0.62, 0.13)

Housing age (from VOA)

241

241

0.289

 Percentage^a of housing built before 1973 in cases residential area

-

-

241

241

0.001 (-0.002, 0.004)

0.423

 Cases living in areas where 0% of housing built before 1973

16

6

 Cases living in areas where 0–20% of housing built before 1973

19

7

241

reference

 20–40%

7

3

0.03 (-0.57, 0.62)

 40–60%

29

11

0.04 (-0.37, 0.46)

 60–80%

84

32

0.01 (-0.33, 0.36)

 80–100%

127

48

0.15 (-0.19, 0.49)

Housing age of case (from OS data)

230

207

0.046

 Pre 1900

39

15

reference

 1900–1929

59

22

0.57 (0.29,0.86)

 1930–1949

54

20

0.03 (-0.27,0.33)

 1950–1966

45

17

0.22 (-0.10, 0.53)

 1967–1975

11

4

-0.06 (-0.53, 0.40)

 Post 1976

22

8

-0.11 (-0.49, 0.27)

 unknown

36

14

Housing age of case (from OS data- simplified categories) ^b

207

207

0.035

 Pre 1976

208

78

0.36 (0.03, 0.70)

 Post 1976

22

8

Reference

 missing

36

14

Housing type (from OS data)

245

220

0.620

 Self contained flat

31

12

reference

 Terraced

124

47

0.02 (-0.28, 0.31)

 Semi-detached

63

24

-0.11 (-0.43, 0.21)

 Detached

18

7

-0.05 (-0.47, 0.37)

 House of Multiple Occupation (HMO)

2

 < 1

-0.57 (-1.58, 0.43)

 Housing (other)

7

3

0.14 (-0.54, 0.82)

 missing

21

8

Source of report

261

241

 < 0.001

 Lab

205

77

reference

 HPT

56

21

-0.43 (-0.67, -0.19)

 Not known

5

2

Lab/source^b

261

241

 < 0.001

 SAS Trace Element lab

192

72

reference

 Other

13

5

-0.29 (-0.67, 0.10)

 HPT

56

21

-0.43 (-0.67, -0.19)

 Not known

5

2

Lab name

261

241

0.048

 Alder Hey

5

2

reference

 Bristol

1

 < 1

-0.42 (-1.89, 1.06)

 Cardiff

4

2

0.15 (-0.77, 1.08)

 Guildford

48

18

0.14 (-0.52, 0.80)

 HPT

56

21

-0.18 (-0.86, 0.50)

 Imperial

26

10

0.34 (-0.35,1.03)

 Kings College

10

4

0.11 (-0.67,0.88)

 LEICSS (lab unnamed)

10

4

0.13 (-0.65, 0.90)

 Sandwell

21

8

0.20 (-0.51, 0.91)

 Sheffield

1

 < 1

-0.18 (-1.65, 1.30)

 The Doctors Lab

2

 < 1

-0.24 (-1.36, 0.87)

 Leeds

77

29

0.39 (-0.27, 1.05)

 Not known

5

2