Fig. 8

Frontier analysis based on SDI and age-standardized early-onset colorectal cancer DALY rate in 2019. The frontier is delineated in solid black color; countries and territories are represented as dots. The top 15 countries with the largest effective difference (largest early-onset colorectal cancer DALYs gap from the frontier) are labeled in black; examples of frontier countries with low SDI (< 0.5) and low effective difference are labeled in blue (e.g., Somalia, Niger, Nepal, Bangladesh, and the Gambia), and examples of countries and territories with high SDI (> 0.85) and relatively high effective difference for their level of development are labeled in red (e.g., USA, Japan, Andorra, Monaco, Taiwan (province of China). Red dots indicate an increase in age-standardized early-onset colorectal cancer DALYs rate from 1990 to 2019; blue dots indicate a decrease in age-standardized early-onset colorectal cancer DALYs rate between 1990 and 2019. SDI: Socio-demographic index; DALYs: Disability-Adjusted Life Years