Examining relationships between perceived neighborhood social cohesion and ideal cardiovascular health and whether psychosocial stressors modify observed relationships among JHS, MESA, and MASALA participants

Dulin, Akilah J.; Park, Jee Won; Scarpaci, Matthew M.; Dionne, Laura A.; Sims, Mario; Needham, Belinda L.; Fava, Joseph L.; Eaton, Charles B.; Kanaya, Alka M.; Kandula, Namratha R.; Loucks, Eric B.; Howe, Chanelle J.

doi:10.1186/s12889-022-14270-x

Table 1 Characteristics of MASALA and MESA participants at the exam concurrent with neighborhood social cohesion assessment

From: Examining relationships between perceived neighborhood social cohesion and ideal cardiovascular health and whether psychosocial stressors modify observed relationships among JHS, MESA, and MASALA participants

Characteristics	Included (n = 6,086)		Excluded (n = 1,661)		P-value^*
	N	%	N	%
Neighborhood social cohesion ^† at Exam 1
Low	2,078	34.1	382	23.0	< 0.01
Medium	2,455	40.3	502	30.2
High	1,553	25.5	777	46.8
Age ^‡ in years at Exam 1	61 (53–69)		53 (44–62)		< 0.01
Sex/gender at Exam 1
Female	3,145	51.7	1,066	64.2	< 0.01
Male	2,941	48.3	595	35.8	< 0.01
Race/ethnicity at Exam 1
White non-Hispanic	2,288	37.6	0	0	< 0.01
Asian	1,081	17.8	15	0.9
African American	1,460	24.0	1,646	99.1
Hispanic	1,257	20.7	0	0
Nativity at Exam 1
Other	2,145	35.2	15	0.9	< 0.01
U.S.-born	3,941	64.8	1,646	99.1	< 0.01
Region at Exam 1
West	1,126	18.5	0	0	< 0.01
South	870	14.3	1,646	99.1
Midwest	2,325	38.2	15	0.9
Northeast	1,765	29.0	0	0
Marital Status at Exam 1
Never married, separated/divorced, widowed	2,178	35.8	671	40.4	< 0.01
Married	3,908	64.2	990	59.6	< 0.01
Self-rated health ^§ at Exam 1
Not good	542	8.9	401	24.1	< 0.01
Good	5,544	91.1	1,260	75.9	< 0.01
Health Insurance at Exam 1
None	509	8.4	206	12.4	< 0.01
Public or Private	5,577	91.6	1,455	87.6	< 0.01
Family history of CVD and stroke at Exam 1
No	2,676	44.0	692	41.7	0.09
Yes	3,410	56.0	969	58.3	0.09
Education at Exam 1
Less than high school	949	15.6	156	9.4	< 0.01
High school or some college	2,675	44.0	766	46.1
College degree or more	2,462	40.5	739	44.5
Employment at Exam 1
Unemployed	3,002	49.3	639	38.5	< 0.01
Employed (Part/full-time)	3,084	50.7	1,022	61.5	< 0.01
Income at Exam 1
$0-$19,999	1,299	21.3	364	21.9	0.88
$20,000-$49,999	2,181	35.8	593	35.7
$50,000+	2,606	42.8	704	42.4
Anger ^† at Exam 1
Low	2,410	39.6	499	30.0	< 0.01
Medium	2,053	33.7	433	26.1
High	1,623	26.7	729	43.9
Depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16) at Exam 1
No	5,344	87.8	1,315	79.2	< 0.01
Yes	742	12.2	346	20.8	< 0.01
Chronic stress ^† at Exam 1
Low	3,064	50.4	280	16.9	< 0.01
Medium	1,960	32.2	650	39.1
High	1,062	17.5	731	44.0
Discrimination ^† at Exam 1
Low	2,431	39.9	365	22.0	< 0.01
Medium	2,076	34.1	500	30.1
High	1,579	25.9	796	47.9
Neighborhood deprivation ^† at Exam 1
Low	1,471	24.2	822	49.5	< 0.01
Medium	2,186	35.9	495	29.8
High	2,429	39.9	344	20.7
Neighborhood safety at Exam 1
Safe	5,193	85.3	995	59.9	< 0.01
Not safe	893	14.7	666	40.1	< 0.01
Social support at Exam 1
Not high	2,322	38.2	425	25.6	< 0.01
High	3,764	61.9	1,236	74.4	< 0.01

^* Pearson’s χ²-test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test
^† Tertiles are not 33% due to ties at boundaries and participants with the same value were included in the same category
^‡ Median (25th percentile-75th percentile)
^§ Binary variable for self-rated health was used to indicate ‘Good’ and ‘Not good’ categories due to the harmonization of different self-rated health measures across JHS, MESA, and MASALA cohorts
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; CVH, cardiovascular health; MASALA, Mediators of Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America; MESA, Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis

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