Parental locus of control | Mother education | Caregiver type | Delivery model | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Internal locus of control | External locus of control | High | low | Non-mother | mother | center-based | home-based | |
Panel A. Parenting Knowledge | ||||||||
KIDI total score | -0.040 (0.107) | 0.064 (0.172) | 0.047 (0.123) | 0.064 (0.126) | -0.326 (0.201) | 0.071 (0.117) | -0.077 (0.194) | -0.491*** (0.242) |
Panel B. Parenting Attitude | ||||||||
PLOC overall | -0.014 (0.151) | 0.211 (0.185) | 0.168 (0.215) | -0.104 (0.127) | 0.275 (0.249) | 0.014 (0.133) | 0.024 (0.212) | -0.280 (0.508) |
PLOC parental efficacy | 0.229* (0.136) | 0.167 (0.143) | 0.243 (0.210) | 0.075 (0.118) | 0.292 (0.237) | 0.178 (0.129) | 0.164 (0.196) | -0.299 (0.470) |
PLOC parental responsibility | 0.074 (0.168) | 0.046 (0.187) | 0.045 (0.206) | -0.023 (0.150) | -0.284 (0.208) | 0.052 (0.138) | 0.219 (0.183) | -0.050 (0.382) |
PLOC child control of parent’s life | 0.074 (0.111) | 0.044 (0.180) | 0.076 (0.147) | -0.005 (0.124) | 0.789** (0.235) | -0.106 (0.099) | -0.062 (0.252) | -0.249 (0.325) |
PLOC parental control of child’s behavior | -0.373* (0.214) | 0.197 (0.191) | -0.013 (0.210) | -0.224 (0.168) | -0.024 (0.225) | -0.093 (0.164) | -0.294 (0.214) | -0.038 (0.503) |
Panel C. Parenting Practice | ||||||||
Parent-child interactions | ||||||||
Reading books | 0.203** (0.070) | 0.103 (0.113) | 0.146 (0.096) | 0.205** (0.082) | 0.390*** (0.112) | 0.100 (0.064) | 0.226** (0.105) | 0.556*** (0.201) |
Telling stories | 0.291*** (0.069) | 0.034 (0.103) | 0.229** (0.077) | 0.190** (0.081) | 0.087 (0.091) | 0.192*** (0.071) | 0.141* (0.085) | 0.288* (0.172) |
Singing songs | 0.165** (0.069) | -0.048 (0.095) | -0.008 (0.087) | 0.153** (0.066) | 0.061 (0.116) | 0.057 (0.066) | 0.115 (0.096) | -0.231 (0.248) |
Taking child outside home for play | 0.039 (0.057) | -0.230*** (0.087) | 0.013 (0.093) | -0.084 (0.053) | -0.196 (0.130) | -0.038 (0.057) | -0.159*** (0.057) | -0.374 (0.311) |
Playing with the child with toys | 0.078 (0.074) | 0.046 (0.070) | 0.073 (0.073) | 0.080 (0.082) | 0.222 (0.139) | 0.035 (0.050) | -0.060 (0.098) | -0.301 (0.209) |
Naming things, counting, drawing | 0.293*** (0.059) | 0.096 (0.089) | 0.171** (0.077) | 0.228*** (0.070) | 0.303*** (0.110) | 0.163*** (0.059) | 0.147 (0.098) | 0.172 (0.208) |
Disciplining practices | ||||||||
Taking away children’s things | -0.05 (0.113) | -0.146 (0.138) | -0.138 (0.132) | -0.063 (0.114) | -0.356* (0.183) | -0.039 (0.101) | -0.187 (0.163) | -0.153 (0.274) |
Limiting time | -0.114 (0.141) | -0.214 (0.160) | -0.187 (0.213) | -0.145 (0.117) | -0.241 (0.264) | -0.110 (0.117) | -0.143 (0.165) | -0.679 (0.419) |
Explanation | -0.031 (0.100) | -0.159 (0.151) | -0.238 (0.162) | 0.038 (0.128) | -0.238 (0.186) | 0.014 (0.090) | -0.080 (0.113) | 0.309 (0.236) |