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Table 4 Effect sizes for the level of monthly household income (socioeconomic inequality) on the level of perceived health status (health inequality) adjusted with other cofounders: ‘during-’ vs. ‘pre-’ COVID-19 pandemic

From: Stronger association of perceived health with socio-economic inequality during COVID-19 pandemic than pre-pandemic era

 

Poor (<Very Good) PHS

Poor (<Very Good) MHS

Poor (<Very Good) SHS

Poor (<Very Good) SpHS

Poor (<Very Good) GHS

2018

2021

2018 vs. 2021

2018

2021

2018 vs. 2021

2018

2021

2018 vs. 2021

2018

2021

2018 vs. 2021

2018

2021

2018 vs. 2021

Variable

aORa (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

aOR diff (P-value)

aORa (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

aOR diff (P-value)

aORa (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

aOR diff (P-value)

aORa (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

aOR diff (P-value)

aORa (95% CI)

aORa (95% CI)

aOR diff (P-value)

Income

  ≥ $3000

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

 

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

    

1 (Ref)

1 (Ref)

 

  < $3.000

1.50 (1.18–1.90)

2,64 (2.05–3.41)

1.14‡ (< 0.001)

1.33 (1.06–1.68)

2.15 (1.68–2.77)

0.82‡ (< 0.001)

1.33 (1.06–1.68)

2.15 (1.68–2.77)

0.35† (0.049)

–

–

 

1.33 (1.06–1.68)

2.15 (1.68–2.77)

1.05‡ (< 0.001)

  1. Abbreviation: PHS Physical Health status, MHS Mental Health Status, SHS Social Health Status, SpHS Spiritual Health Status, aOR Adjusted Odds Ratio
  2. aAdjusted with significant variables from the univariate analysis (age, sex, marriage, region, religion, job status) and weighted to reflect all eligible participants with propensity scores
  3. †P < 0.05
  4. ‡P < 0.001