Table 3 Risk of poor perceived health status vs. demographic and socioeconomic position: ‘during-’ vs. ‘pre-’ COVID-19 pandemic
| Â | Poor (<Very Good) PHS | Poor (<Very Good) MHS | Poor (<Very Good) SHS | Poor (<Very Good) SpHS | Poor (<Very Good) GHS | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2021 | 2018 vs. 2021 | 2018 | 2021 | 2018 vs. 2021 | 2018 | 2021 | 2018 vs. 2021 | 2018 | 2021 | 2018 vs. 2021 | 2018 | 2021 | 2018 vs. 2021 | |
Variables | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR diff (P-value) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR diff (P-value) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR diff (P-value) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR diff (P-value) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR diff (P-value) |
Sex | |||||||||||||||
 Male | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  |
 Female | 1.65 (1.38–1.96) | 1.27 (1.07–1.51) | 0.38†(0.03) | 1.20 (1.02–1.43) | 1.55 (1.30–1.85) | 0.35†(0.01) | 1.36 (1.15–1.61) | 1.38 (1.15 1.65) | 0.02 (0.87) | 1.04 (0.87–1.24) | 0.81 (0.67–0.97) | 0.23 (0.08) | 1.42 (1.19–1.69) | 1.22 (1.02–1.47) | 0.20 (0.12) |
Age (years) | |||||||||||||||
  < 65 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  |
  ≥ 65 | 6.32 (4.15–9.63) | 4.16 (2.90–5.96) | 2.16‡ (< 0.001) | 4.77 (3.31–6.87) | 2.35 (1.70–3.25) | 2.42‡ (< 0.001) | 3.44 (2.51–4.72) | 4.28 (2.87–6.38) | 0.84‡ (< 0.001) | 4.62 (3.08–6.92) | 2.10 (1.49–2.95) | 2.52‡ (< 0.001) | 5.28 (3.52–7.92) | 4.26 2.81–6.53) | 1.02‡ (< 0.001) |
Education | |||||||||||||||
 College graduate | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
  ≤ High-school graduate | 2.65 (2.21–3.17) | 2.55 (2.14–3.04) | 0.1 (0.58) | 2.17 (1.82–2.58) | 2.12 (1.78–2.54) | 0.05 (0.70) | 2.33 (1.96–2.77) | 2.59 (2.15–3.11) | 0.26†(0.04) | 2.17 (1.81–2.61) | 1.83 (1.52–2.20) | 0.34†(0.01) | 2.46 (2.05–2.94) | 2.33 (1.93–2.82) | 0.13 (0.33) |
Income | |||||||||||||||
  ≥ $3000 | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
  < $3.000 | 1.96 (1.57–2.45) | 3.16 (2.50–3.99) | 1.20‡ (< 0.001) | 1.83 (1.48–2.27) | 2.39 (1.90–3.01) | 0.56‡ (< 0.001) | 1.67 (1.36–2.05) | 2.52 (1.99–3.20) | 0.85‡ (< 0.001) | 1.47 (1.18–1.83) | 1.55 (1.23–1.95) | 0.08 (0.62) | 1.55 (1.25–1.93) | 2.79 (2.16–3.60) | 1.24‡ (< 0.001) |
Marriage | |||||||||||||||
 Married | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
 Single | 0.50 (0.42–0.61) | 0.52 (0.43–0.63) | 0.02 (0.88) | 0.65 (0.54–0.79) | 0.70 (0.58–0.85) | 0.05 (0.72) | 0.70 (0.58–0.84) | 0.76 (0.63–0.93) | 0.06 (0.66) | 0.67 (0.55–.0.82) | 0.96 (0.78–1.18) | 0.29†(0.04) | 0.49 (0.40–0.59) | 0.71 (0.58–0.87) | 0.22 (0.12) |
Region | |||||||||||||||
 Urban | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
 Rural/ Suburban | 0.93 (0.78–1.11) | 0.85 (0.71–1.01) | 0.08 (0.52) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.08 (0.90–1.28) | 0.09 (0.47) | 1.01 (0.85–1.19) | 1.00 (0.84–1.92) | 0.01 (0.94) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 1.65 (1.37–1.96) | 0.81‡ (< 0.001) | 0.89 (0.75–1.06) | 0.92 (0.76–1.10) | 0.03 (0.82) |
Religion | |||||||||||||||
 Having religion | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
 No religion | 0.66 (0.55–0.80) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.05 (0.70) | 0.78 (0.65–0.93) | 0.74 (0.61–0.89) | 0.04 (0.76) | 0.84 (0.70–1.00) | 0.76 (0.63–0.91) | 0.08 (0.54) | 1.05 (0.87–1.26) | 0.90 (0.74–1.09) | 0.15 (0.27) | 0.92 (0.77–1.10) | 0.78 (0.64–0.94) | 0.14 (0.30) |
Job status | |||||||||||||||
 Occupied | 1 (Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1 (Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  | 1(Ref) | 1(Ref) |  |
 Non-occupied | 1.622 (1.33–1.99) | 1.617 (1.33–1.97) | 0.005(0.97) | 1.51 (1.24–1.83) | 1.59 (1.30–1.96) | 0.08 (0.58) | 1.71 (1.40–2.07) | 1.66 (1.35–2.04) | 0.05 (0.73) | 1.40 (1.14–1.72) | 1.24 (1.00–1.52) | 0.16 (0.29) | 1.76 (1.43–2.16) | 1.44 (1.17–1.78) | 0.32†(0.03) |