Table 2 Fixed and random effects multilevel analysis of factors associated with obstetric fistula awareness among women of reproductive age

Fixed effect results

 Age (years)

  15–19

–-

–-

  20–24

1.26[0.99, 1.59]

1.25 [0.99, 1.59]

  25–29

1.47** [1.16, 1.94]

1.48**[1.14, 1.92]

  30–34

1.73***[1.29, 2.31]

1.69*** [1.26, 2.25]

  35–39

1.7***[1.25, 2.31]

1.65**[1.21, 2.25]

  40–44

1.73**[1.24, 2.40]

1.69** [1.22, 2.36]

  45–49

2.27***[1.61, 3.19]

2.17***[1.54, 3.06]

 Marital status

  Never married

–-

–-

  Married

1.398* [1.04, 1.88]

1.39*[1.04, 1.87]

  Cohabitation

1.030[0.21, 5.10]

1.00 [0.20, 4.98]

  Widowed

1.232 [0.71, 2.13]

1.24 [0.72, 2.14]

  Divorced

1.258 [0.84, 1.89]

1.24 [0.83, 1.86]

 Educational status

  No education

–-

–-

  Primary

1.26** [1.06, 1.50]

1.25* [1.05, 1.49]

  Secondary

1.29**[1.08, 1.52]

1.27** [1.07, 1.51]

  Higher

2.94***[2.18, 3.95]

2.80***[2.08, 3.79]

 Occupation

  Not working

–-

–-

  Professionals/Managerial

2.34***[1.75, 3.12]

2.32***[1.74, 3.10]

  Clerical/sales

1.33*** [1.13, 1.56]

1.34***[1.14, 1.58]

  Agricultural

1.18[0.99, 1.42]

1.19 [1.00, 1.44]

  Services

1.04[0.68, 1.58]

1.07[0.70, 1.63

  Skilled/unskilled workers

1.65**[1.21, 2.26]

1.74***[1.26, 2.38]

 Religion

  Christianity

–-

–-

  Islam

0.81[0.57, 1.15]

0.79 [0.56, 1.14]

 Health insurance

  No

–-

–-

  Yes

1.02[0.72, 1.46]

0.99[0.70, 1.42]

 Parity

  0

–-

–-

  1–3

0.95[0.75, 1.21]

0.96[0.76, 1.23]

  4 and above

1.19[0.91, 1.57]

1.22 [0.93, 1.62]

 Sexual experience

  Not had sex

–-

–-

  Had sex

1.02 [0.72, 1.44]

1.02 [0.72, 1.44]

 Ever terminated pregnancy

  No

–-

–-

  Yes

1.23**[1.06, 1.42]

1.22** [1.06, 1.42]

 Frequency of listening to radio

  Not at all

–-

–-

  Less than once a week

1.140 [0.97, 1.34]

1.16 [0.99, 1.37]

  At least once a week

1.18*[1.01, 1.39]

1.20*[1.02, 1.41]

 Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine

  Not at all

–-

–-

  Less than once a week

1.17 [0.95, 1.45]

1.16[0.94, 1.44]

  At least once a week

0.99 [0.70, 1.40]

0.96[0.68, 1.36]

 Frequency of watching television

  Not at all

–-

–-

  Less than once a week

0.89 [0.75, 1.07]

0.91[0.76, 1.10]

  At least once a week

1.00[0.84, 1.19]

0.98[0.81, 1.19]

 Owns a mobile telephone

  No

–-

–-

  Yes

1.19*[1.01, 1.41]

1.20*[1.01, 1.42]

 Use of internet

  Never

–-

–-

  Yes, last 12 months

1.04 [0.89, 1.22]

1.03 [0.88, 1.22]

  Yes, before last 12 months

1.09 [0.80,1.48]

1.105[0.81,1.51]

 Wealth index

  Poorest

–-

–-

  Poorer

0.93 [0.77, 1.13]

0.92[0.75, 1.12]

  Middle

1.18[0.95, 1.47]

1.11 [0.88, 1.41]

  Richer

1.23[0.96, 1.58]

1.10 [0.84, 1.46]

  Richest

1.80***[1.39, 2.33]

1.39* [1.03, 1.86]

 Region

  Banjul

–-

–-

  Kanifing

0.90 [0.62, 1.33]

0.91 [0.62, 1.35]

  Brikama

0.93[0.64, 1.35]

0.92[0.63, 1.35]

  Mansakonko

1.46[0.93, 2.30]

1.48[0.93, 2.36]

  Kerewan

0.76[0.49, 1.18]

0.78 [0.50, 1.24]

  Kuntaur

1.60* [1.01, 2.53]

1.83*[1.15, 2.93]

  Janjanbureh

0.73[0.45, 1.16]

0.76 [0.48, 1.24]

  Basse

0.90[0.59, 1.39]

1.05 [0.68, 1.63]

 Random effect model

  PSU variance (95% CI)

0.53 [0.40–0,70]

0.52 [0.39–0.69]

0.47 [0.35–0.62]

0.46 [0.35–0.62]

  ICC

0.1395172

0.1375541

0.125597

0.1249966

  Wald chi-square

Reference

410.60***

56.15**

439.60***

 Model fitness

  Log-likelihood

-4410.7843

-4191.4134

-4382.9262

-4174.9847

  AIC

8825.569

8452.827

8791.852

8441.969

  BIC

8840.324

8711.05

8887.764

8781.348