| Wave One | Wave Three | Wave Five | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coef.a | 95% CI | p-value†| Coef.a | 95% CI | p-value†| Coef.a | 95% CI | p-value†| |
Age (in 10 years) | −0.647 | (− 0.828 to − 0.465) | 0.000 | −0.979 | (−1.183 to − 0.774) | 0.000 | −1.765 | (−1.991 to −1.540) | 0.000 |
Gender | |||||||||
 Men | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Women | −1.674 | (−2.121 to − 1.226) | 0.000 | −2.459 | (− 2.970 to − 1.948) | 0.000 | − 2.639 | (−3.198 to − 2.081) | 0.000 |
Marital status | |||||||||
 No | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Yes | 0.312 | (−0.155 to 0.778) | 0.190 | − 0.087 | (− 0.624 to 0.451) | 0.752 | 0.434 | (−0.158 to 1.026) | 0.151 |
Birth region | |||||||||
 Africa | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Middle East | −2.169 | (−3.009 to −1.247) | 0.000 | −1.117 | (−2.313 to 0.078) | 0.067 | −2.088 | (−3.440 to −0.737) | 0.002 |
 South-East Asia | −2.221 | (−3.471 to −0.970) | 0.001 | −2.280 | (−3.824 to −0.736) | 0.004 | −5.764 | (−7.556 to − 3.973) | 0.000 |
 Southern Asia | −1.051 | (−2.188 to 0.087) | 0.070 | −2.942 | (−4.351 to −1.533) | 0.000 | − 2.710 | (−4.331 to − 1.090) | 0.001 |
 Central Asia | −1.078 | (− 2.077 to −0.078) | 0.035 | −0.834 | (− 2.101 to 0.433) | 0.197 | −2.398 | (−3.832 to − 0.964) | 0.001 |
English proficiency (score) | 0.628 | (0.542 to 0.713) | 0.000 | 0.600 | (0.503 to 0.697) | 0.000 | 0.441 | (0.334 to 0.549) | 0.000 |
Education (pre-arrival) | |||||||||
 6 or fewer years of schooling | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 7 to 11 years of schooling | 0.145 | (−0.458 to 0.749) | 0.637 | − 0.037 | (− 0.723 to 0.648) | 0.915 | 0.393 | (− 0.342 to 1.129) | 0.294 |
 12 or more years of schooling | 0.825 | (0.172 to 1.478) | 0.013 | 1.156 | (0.419 to 1.892) | 0.002 | 1.723 | (0.914 to 2.533) | 0.000 |
Remoteness area | |||||||||
 Major cities | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Regional Australia | −0.497 | (−1.281 to 0.287) | 0.214 | 0.868 | (−0.025 to 1.762) | 0.057 | 0.672 | (−0.294 to 1.639) | 0.173 |
Migration pathway | |||||||||
 Onshore | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Offshore | −1.036 | (−1.672 to −0.400) | 0.001 | −1.111 | (− 1.893 to − 0.330) | 0.005 | − 0.633 | (−1.505 to 0.239) | 0.154 |
Main source of income | |||||||||
 Own or spouse/parent’s salary, savings | Ref |  |  |  |  |  | |||
 Government payments | −1.549 | (−2.326 to −0.773) | 0.000 | −0.782 | (−1.681 to 0.118) | 0.088 | −0.752 | (−1.451 to − 0.054) | 0.035 |