Table 3 Relative risks for all-cause mortality from smoking
Study | Region/ country | Gender | Age | Exposure | RR (95% CI) | Years of follow-up | Adjustment for confounders |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jacobs 1999 [20] | Europe, US, Japan | M M | 40–59 40–59 | Light (< 10 cig/day) vs never > = 10 cig per day vs never | 1.30 (1.20 – 1.40) 1.80 (1.70 – 1.90) | 25-years | Baseline country of residence, age, body-mass index, serum cholesterol, SBP and clinical CVD |
Gellert, 2012 [21] | US, China, Aus, Japan | M/F M/F | 60 + 60 + | Current smoker vs never Former smoker vs never | 1.83 (1.65 – 2.03) 1.34 (1.28 – 1.40) | 3 – 50 years | Subgroup analyses by age, and region of study conduction |
Carter 2015 [22] | US | M F | 55 + 55 + | Current smoker vs never Current smoker vs never | 2.80 (2.80 – 2.90) 2.80 (2.70 – 2.90) | 11 years | Age, race, educational level, daily alcohol consumption, and cohort |
Shavelle 2008 [23] | US, Asia, Europe | M/F | Adults (mean age in included studies 30–65 +) | Light (< 10–21 cig/day)a vs never Medium (10–25 cig/day)a vs never Heavy (20 + /25 + cig/day)a vs never Former vs never | 1.47 (1.37 – 1.80) 2.02 (1.84 – 2.36) 2.38 (2.17 – 2.84) 1.31 (1.07 – 1.39) | NR | NR |