Neighborhood-level socioeconomic factors moderate the association between physical activity and relative age effect: a cross-sectional survey study with Japanese adolescents

Table 5 Estimates from multilevel linear modeling for male adolescents’ Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) (n = 4087)

	Model 1	Model 2a	Model 2b	Model 2c	Model 3a	Model 3b	Model 3c
	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)	b(SE)
Fixed effects
Intercept	9.62 (0.38)**	9.56 (0.39)**	9.57 (0.39)**	9.63 (0.40)**	9.57 (0.39)**	9.58 (0.39) **	9.64 (0.40)**
Birth month	-0.54 (0.08) **	-0.55 (0.08)**	-0.56 (0.08)**	-0.55 (0.08) **	-0.55 (0.08)**	-0.55 (0.08) **	-0.55 (0.09)**
Socioeconomic factor
Areal deprivation		0.01(0.01)			0.01 (0.01)
Average annual income			-0.01(0.01)			-0.01 (0.01)
Education level				0.02 (0.06)			0.02(0.06)
Cross-level interaction
Birth month*Areal Deprivation					0.00(0.00)
Birth month*Average annual income						0.00 (0.00)*
Birth month*Education Level							0.02 (0.01)

MVPA was normalized by a Box-Cox transformation
SE Standard error
Model 1: Only birth month was considered. No socioeconomic factor was added
Model 2: Birth month and one socioeconomic factor(Model 2a: Areal deprivation, Model 2b: Average annual income, Model 2c: Education level)
Model 3: Birth month, one socioeconomic factor and one cross-level interaction (Model 3a: Birth month*Areal deprivation, Model 3b: Birth month*Average annual income, Model 3c: Birth month*Education level)
All models were adjusted for age, body weight, population density
^**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05, Interclass correlation coefficients = 0.08, Design effect = 7.35

ISSN: 1471-2458