Table 1 Research characteristics and main results
From: Variation of parental feeding practices during the COVID-2019 pandemic: a systematic review
Study (authors, year, country) | Study population and setting | Tool of assessment | Study variables | Primary Outcome | Total NOS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adams et al., 2020, USA [27] | Select parents of children aged 5–18 years from social media, email using a snowball technique(n = 584) From the 30th of April until the 23rd of May 2020 | CFQ | Food insecurity, The home food Environment, Parent feeding practices | During COVID-19, Parent-reported use of restrictive feeding practices, pressure to eat, and monitoring also increased restriction, pressure, monitoring; Parents’ increased use of pressure feeding practices was greater for families with low and very low food security, compared with food-secure families; About one-third of families reported an increase in the amount of high-calorie snack foods and desserts/sweets in their home | 6 |
Caroline et al., 2020, USA [25] | Select parents of children aged 7–17 years through the Qualtrics platform(n = 189) From June 2020 and February 2021 | CFQ | Pandemic-related parental distress, Family meals, Child feeding practices | Higher levels of both parental COVID-19-related impact and distress were associated with lower levels of structured household meals; After controlling for child age and zBMI, both the perceived negative impact of COVID-19 and parent distress related to COVID-19 were positively associated with restriction of child food intake, not associated with pressuring their child to eat more food | 9 |
Adams et al., 2021, USA [28] | Select parents of children aged 5–18 years from social media, email using a snowball technique(n = 433) Completed in May 2020 and September 2020 | CFQ | Food insecurity, The home food Environment, Parent feeding practices | Parents' use of restriction and pressure to eat increased from before COVID‐19 to T1 (May 2020) and returned to comparable pre‐COVID‐19 values by T2(September 2020). Patterns in parents' reported use of monitoring did not differ by changes in food security status categories | 6 |
Frankel et al., 2021, USA [29] | Select parents of children aged 2–7 years via Facebook posts and targeted advertisements on Facebook and Instagram(n = 119) From the periods of mid-April to early June of 2020 | FPSQ | COVID‑related parenting stress, Nonresponsive feeding behaviors, Parent mental health | Children’s self-regulation of eating, and COVID-related parenting stress and parent distrust in appetite were both found to decrease children’s ability to self-regulate energy intake | 7 |
Jansen et al., 2021, USA [21] | Select parents of children aged 2–12 years via Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and social media. (n = 318) From the 26th of May until the 29th of June 2020 | CFPQ FPSQ | Parental stress, Food parenting practices, Child snack intake | Higher COVID-19-specific stress was associated with more non-nutritive use of food and snacks (e. g. emotional and instrumental feeding), but also more structure and positive interactions (e. g. eating with or engaging with child around mealtimes); Higher COVID-19-specific stress was also associated with greater child intake frequency of sweet and savory snacks | 9 |
Loth et al., 2021, USA [26] | Select parents of children aged 2–5 years from Kids EAT! (n = 72) Participants completed an online survey, followed by a 10-day EMA at both time points: pre-COVID (October 2019–January 2020) and during COVID (March–April 2020) | EMA | Food-related parenting practices | Most parents of preschoolers use a variety of food parenting practices, including coercive control, indulgence, structure, and autonomy support practice; The use of structured and autonomy supportive practices, however, decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic | 6 |
Philippe et al., 2021, France [31] | Select parents of children aged 3–12 years via an agency disposing of a panel of participants all over France(n = 498) From the 30th of April until the 10th of May 2020 (the end of the strict lockdown in France) | HomeSTEAD | Child eating behaviors, Parental feeding practices, Food shopping motivations | Sixty percent of parents reported at least one change in their feeding practices during lockdown compared to the period before the lockdown; When parents changed their practices, they generally became more permissive: less rules, more soothing with food, more child autonomy. They bought pleasurable and sustainable foods more frequently, prepared more home-cooked meals and cooked more with the child | 7 |
Shirlene et al., 2021, USA [30] | Select parents of children aged 5–11 years from social media(n = 197) From the 19th of May until the 17th of June 2020 | FPSQ | COVID-19-related perceived stress, Mothers’ dysregulated eating behaviors, Child feeding practices, Body mass index | COVID-19-related perceived stress was positively associated with mother’s BMI and emotional eating; Rewarding their child’s eating and behavior with food were both positively associated with the number of COVID-19 related life changes | 7 |