Table 2 Characteristics of female study participants (n = 2552)
Variablesa | Obese group | Non-obese group | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|
(n = 415, 16.3%) | (n = 2137, 83.7%) | ||
Age (years) | 56.0 ± 10.2 | 55.3 ± 10.7 | 0.26 |
Body mass index, BMI (kg/m2) | 27.8 ± 2.8 | 20.9 ± 2.1 | < 0.001 |
Lifestyle information | |||
Physical activity (METs‧h/day) | 20.6 ± 13.7 | 20.3 ± 13.1 | 0.70 |
Current smoker (%) | 6.3 | 5.5 | 0.63 |
Current habitual drinker (%) | 35.9 | 41.6 | < 0.05 |
Snacking, None / Sometimes / Everyday (%) | 12.3 / 59.5 / 28.2 | 15.5 / 47.3 / 37.2 | < 0.001 |
Dietary information | |||
Total energy intake (kcal/day) | 1609 ± 223 | 1604 ± 309 | 0.76 |
Education level, > 12 / 12 / < 12 years (%) | 39.8 / 50.1 / 10.1 | 40.3 / 52.1 / 7.6 | 0.21 |
Receiving medications (%) | |||
Diabetes | 9.4 | 2.0 | < 0.001 |
Dyslipidemia | 24.3 | 14.8 | < 0.001 |
Hypertension | 32.5 | 13.1 | < 0.001 |
Angina myocardial infarction | 2.4 | 1.0 | < 0.05 |
Cerebral stroke | 1.7 | 1.3 | 0.65 |
Information on tooth and gum | |||
Tooth number (n) | 25.2 ± 5.1 | 25.6 ± 4.7 | 0.10 |
Tooth/gum condition, No / Sometimes / Yes (%) | |||
Tooth pain | 60.7 / 24.8 / 14.5 | 62.4 / 23.1 / 14.5 | 0.73 |
Gum bleeding | 66.3 / 26.0 / 7.7 | 69.5 / 22.7 / 7.8 | 0.34 |
Gum swelling | 75.4 / 17.6 / 7.0 | 73.7 / 19.0 / 7.2 | 0.76 |
Oral health indices (OHIs) and their composed questionsc | |||
Oral self-care habits (score range: 2 to 6 points) | 3.94 ± 1.27 | 3.51 ± 1.24 | < 0.001 |
Tooth brushing frequency, ≥3 times/day / Twice/day / ≤once/day (%) | 32.0 / 53.0 / 14.9 | 45.6 / 47.0 / 7.4 | < 0.001 |
Use of inter-dental care device | 44.3 / 55.7 | 55.4 / 44.6 | < 0.001 |
Oral hygiene (score range: 4 to 12 points) | 5.44 ± 1.57 | 5.47 ± 1.57 | 0.69 |
Worried about dry mouth. | 83.1 / 16.9 | 84.6 / 15.4 | 0.51 |
Sometimes food may be left in your mouth. | 89.6/7.5/2.9 | 87.9 / 9.0 / 3.1 | 0.58 |
A white moss-like substance is coating on your tongue. | 81.7 / 14.0 / 4.3 | 77.7 / 16.8 / 5.4 | 0.20 |
Worried about your own bad breath. | 44.6 / 36.9 / 18.6 | 43.0 / 40.9 / 16.1 | 0.24 |
Oral function (score range: 6 to 18 points) | 7.51 ± 1.81 | 7.41 ± 1.75 | 0.29 |
It is getting harder to rinse out your mouth. | 93.7 / 5.1 / 1.2 | 95.0 / 4.0 / 1.0 | 0.57 |
Your voice has become hoarse. | 85.8 / 10.8 / 3.4 | 87.5 / 10.1 / 2.5 | 0.50 |
You can talk well. | 61.7 / 28.4 / 9.9 | 59.0 / 31.4 / 9.5 | 0.48 |
Sometimes choking on tea or soup. | 86.3 / 13.7 | 87.3 / 12.7 | 0.63 |
You may choke during meals. | 74.0 / 19.8 / 6.3 | 75.5 / 20.7 / 3.7 | 0.06 |
You may find it difficult to swallow food. | 86.5 / 9.2 / 4.3 | 87.1 / 10.1 / 2.8 | 0.20 |
Mastication ability (score range: 3 to 9 points) | 4.02 ± 1.07 | 3.93 ± 1.06 | 0.12 |
Compared to six months ago, it is difficult for you to eat tough food. | 88.4 / 11.6 | 87.5 / 12.5 | 0.64 |
Mealtimes are now longer than before. | 44.1 / 43.4 / 12.5 | 51.9 / 38.2 / 9.8 | < 0.05 |
Sometimes you cannot taste it. | 91.3 / 7.2 / 1.4 | 92.1 / 6.0 / 1.9 | 0.54 |
Comprehensive OHI (score range: 15 to 45 points) | 20.90 ± 3.52 | 20.32. ± 3.50 | < 0.01 |