Being silenced, loneliness and being heard: understanding pathways to intimate partner violence & abuse in young adults. a mixed-methods study

Table 2 Associations between child maltreatment and loneliness during adolescence. N = 2127 females and 1145 males, using imputed data

	Odds ratio for the association between child maltreatment and loneliness during adolescence (95% confidence interval)
	*Females*			*Males*
	Loneliness at school at age 14	Loneliness within peer group at age 13	Overall loneliness at age 13	Loneliness at school at age 14	Loneliness within peer group at age 13	Overall loneliness at age 13
Maltreatment between 0–12 years (unadjusted)*	1.90 (1.31 to 2.77) P = 0.001	1.05 (0.50 to 2.19) P = 0.90	1.66 (1.00 to 2.76) P = 0.05	2.35 (1.24 to 4.43) P = 0.01	2.87 (1.20 to 6.85) P = 0.02	1.39 (0.60 to 3.25) P = 0.45
Maltreatment between 0–12 years (adjusted*)	2.03 (1.38 to 2.97) P < 0.001	1.05 (0.51 to 2.16) P = 0.90	2.67 (1.00 to 2.79) P = 0.06	2.33 (1.23 to 4.44) P = 0.01	3.05 (1.27 to 7.32) P = 0.01	1.33 (0.57 to 3.13) P = 0.51

^*Maltreatment = emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical abuse, sexual abuse, domestic violence (violence between ‘parents’), bullying
^*^*Adjusted models include the following covariates for females: maternal age at delivery, maternal parity at delivery, maternal education, whether the child lives in a single parent household. For males, the same set of covariates was used apart from single parent household, which could not be included due to perfect prediction in one or more of the imputed datasets

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