Table 2 Multilevel analysis of unskilled birth attendance
From: Spatial and multilevel analysis of unskilled birth attendance in Chad
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence interval) | Odds Ratio (95% Confidence interval) | |
Individual variables | ||||
Age | ||||
15–19 | Ref | Ref | ||
20–24 | 0.97(0.78, 1.21) | 0.98(0.79,1.22) | ||
25–29 | 0.93(0.73, 1.18) | 0.93(0.73,1.18) | ||
30–34 | 0.94(0.72, 1.23) | 0.95(0.73,1.25) | ||
35–39 | 1.02(0.77, 1.37) | 1.03(0.76,1.37) | ||
40–44 | 0.83(0.60, 1.16) | 0.84(0.60,1.17) | ||
45–49 | 1.09(0.67, 1.76) | 1.12(0.69,1.80) | ||
Educational level | ||||
No formal education | Ref | Ref | ||
Primary | 0.70***(0.61,0.81) | 0.76***(0.65,0.88) | ||
Secondary | 0.37***(0.29,0.46) | 0.43***(0.34,0.53) | ||
Higher | 0.05**(0.01,0.37) | 0.06**(0.01,0.48) | ||
Wealth index | ||||
Poorest | Ref | Ref | ||
Poorer | 0.77**(0.65,0.92) | 0.74**(0.62,0.88) | ||
Middle | 0.87(0.73,1.04) | 0.83*(0.69,0.99) | ||
Richer | 0.65***(0.54,0.78) | 0.66***(0.55,0.79) | ||
Richest | 0.28***(0.22,0.36) | 0.52***(0.40,0.68) | ||
Marital status | ||||
Never in a marital union | 0.65(0.35,1.19) | 0.66(0.36,1.21) | ||
Married | Ref | Ref | ||
Cohabitation | 0.52***(0.42,0.65) | 0.54***(0.43,0.67) | ||
Widowed | 0.81(0.54,0.78) | 0.89(0.59,1.34) | ||
Divorced | 0.88(0.62,1.26) | 0.91(0.63,1.29) | ||
Separated | 0.78(0.56,1.09) | 0.83(0.60,1.16) | ||
Occupation | ||||
Not working | 1.04(0.91,1.17) | 1.03(0.91,1.17) | ||
Working | Ref | Ref | ||
Birth order | ||||
1 | 0.74**(0.58,0.92) | 0.73**(0.58,0.92) | ||
2–3 | 1.10(0.94,1.29) | 1.10(0.94,1.29) | ||
4 + | Ref | Ref | ||
Media | ||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||
Yes | 0.68***(0.60,0.79) | 0.75***(0.65,0.86) | ||
Desire for birth | ||||
Then | Ref | Ref | ||
Later | 1.11(0.89,1.38) | 1.12(0.89,1.40) | ||
No more | 0.76*(0.63,0.91) | 0.79*(0.65, 0.95) | ||
Antenatal care visits | ||||
Less than 4 | Ref | Ref | ||
4 or more | 0.41***(0.37,0.47) | 0.44***(0.39,0.49) | ||
Community variables | ||||
Socioeconomic status | ||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||
Moderate | 0.77(0.39,1.54) | 0.76(0.40,1.44) | ||
High | 0.67**(0.48,0.94) | 0.83(0.60,1.16) | ||
Literacy level | ||||
Low | 5.68***(4.23,7.64) | 3.03***(2.26,4.06) | ||
Moderate | 1.84***(1.25,2.71) | 1.34(0.93,1.93) | ||
High | Ref | Ref | ||
Place of residence | ||||
Urban | 0.25***(0.17,0.37) | 0.35***(0.24,0.52) | ||
Rural | Ref | Ref | ||
Random effect result | ||||
PSU variance (95% CI) | 3.80(3.23, 4.45) | 1.81(1.50, 2.16) | 1.80(1.52, 2.14) | 1.56(1.31, 1.85) |
ICC | 0.54 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.32 |
LR Test | χ2 = 2928.09 p = 0.0000 | χ2 = 1178.42 p = 0.0000 | χ2 = 1450.46 p = 0.0000 | χ2 = 1140.80 p = 0.0000 |
Wald Chi-square | 638.76 | 417.57 | 821.68 | |
Model fitness | ||||
Log-likelihood | -5416.36 | -5087.58 | -5237.75 | -5009.66 |
BIC | 10,851.29 | 10,425.78 | 10,540.47 | 10,316.35 |
AIC | 10,836.72 | 10,229.16 | 10,489.49 | 10,083.32 |
N | 10,745 | 10,745 | 10,745 | 10,745 |