Table 2 Wellbeing and lifestyle outcomes at T3 and T4 for the IG by Cohort

Life Satisfaction

7.97 ± 1.66

8.76 ± 1.55 **

7.83 ± 1.69

0.065

8.00 ± 1.56

8.21 ± 1.33

7.77 ± 1.76

0.021

Life Worth

8.50 ± 1.49 **

8.54 ± 1.48 **

8.48 ± 1.46 **

0.781

8.42 ± 1.47

8.52 ± 1.34

8.30 ± 125

0.207

Self-rated health [1 = Excellent 5 = Poor]

2.51 ± 0.97**

2.12 ± 0.88 **

2.69 ± 0.96

0.000*

2.61 ± 0.93 **

2.12 ± 0.91 **

2.71 ± 0.94

0.910

Like finding out about one’s health [1 = Often 4 = Never]

1.33 ± 0.59**

1.25 ± 0.60**

1.37 ± 0.59**

0.171

1.52 ± 0.78**

1.52 ± 0.84**

1.53 ± 0.71**

0.944

Mental Wellbeing (SWEMWBS)

30.67 ± 4.46**

31.62 ± 5.00 **

30.23 ± 4.13 **

0.035 *

28.89 ± 4.63**

29.46 ± 4.21 **

28.24 ± 5.01 **

0.033 *

Depression Prevalence [1 = probable depression 4 = high mental wellbeing]

3.78 ± 0.53 **

3.77 ± 0.57 **

3.79 ± 0.51 **

0.835

3.62 ± 0.59 **

3.72 ± 0.52**

3.51 ± 0.64 **

0.006

Certainty managing mental health [1 = very certain 5 = very uncertain]

1.56 ± 0.74 **

1.61 ± 0.61 **

1.60 ± 0.77**

0.416

1.76 ± 0.92 **

1.72 ± 0.95 **

1.82 ± 0.88

0.387

Comfort conversing about mental health [1 = very certain 5 = very uncertain]

1.56 ± 0.77 **

1.62 ± 0.86 **

1.54 ± 0.75**

0.576

1.57 ± 0.82 **

1.57 ± 0.87 **

1.58 ± 0.75**

0.911

Feel equipped with mental health supports [1 = very certain 5 = very uncertain]

1.80 ± 0.93 **

1.58 ± 0.72**

1.88 ± 0.98 **

0.041 *

1.93 ± 1.03 **

1.89 ± 1.10**

1.88 ± 0.88 **

0.507

Loneliness (3-item UCLA)

4.13 ± 1.71 **

3.08 ± 0.51

4.62 ± 1.84 **

0.000 *

4.17 ± 1.79 **

3.51 ± 1.08

4.93 ± 2.11**

0.000 *

Social Capital Trust

7.35 ± 1.89 **

7.61 ± 2.01 **

7.23 ± 1.81

0.160

7.10 ± 1.86

7.27 ± 1.67 **

6.91 ± 2.05

0.119

Social Capital: Belonging [1 = Strongly Agree 4 = Strongly Disagree]

1.11 ± 0.37 **

1.10 ± 0.30 **

1.11 ± 0.39 **

0.868

1.14 ± 0.36**

1.11 ± 0.39 **

1.17 ± 0.40

0.124

Social Capital: Close support

[1 = Strongly Agree, 4 = Strongly Disagree]

1.07 ± 0.27 **

1.03 ± 0.24 **

1.09 ± 0.28 **

0.135

1.14 ± 0.48 **

1.11 ± 0.39 **

1.18 ± 0.56

0.193

Utility Scores [Scale 0–1, higher scores indicate improved utility]

0.85 ± 0.09**

0.87 ± 0.87**

0.84 ± 0.97**

0.570

0.84 ± 0.09 **

0.84 ± 0.87**

0.83 ± 0.10 **

0.524

Days of Week Physically Active

3.58 ± 2.56**

3.84 ± 2.00 **

3.45 ± 2.78

0.300

3.77 ± 2.43**

3.45 ± 2.37

4.13 ± 2.45 **

0.240

Days walking per week for ≥10 mins

5.12 ± 2.34 **

4.75 ± 2.24 **

5.27 ± 2.37 **

0.128

4.87 ± 2.53 **

4.44 ± 2.43

5.34 ± 2.45 **

0.004 *

Physical activity self-efficacy

67.32 ± 17.34 **

65.91 ± 16.87**

68.02 ± 17.58 **

0.411

65.85 ± 21.79**

64.2 ± 20.19 **

66.99 ± 23.49**

0.430

Meeting Physical Activity Guidelines

39.4%**

40.6%*

38.9%

0.81

42.7**

37.4

48.8**

0.060

Portions of Daily Fruit & Vegetables

3.88 ± 1.72**

3.87 ± 1.74 **

3.89 ± 1.73 **

0.310

3.78 ± 1.60 **

3.69 ± 1.71 **

3.89 ± 1.47**

0.929

Cooking Habits [1 = don’t cook at all, 4 = meals from scratch]

3.15 ± 1.31 **

3.36 ± 1.18 **

3.04 ± 1.36 **

0.098

3.27 ± 1.23 **

3.31 ± 1.24 **

3.23 ± 1.23 **

0.674

Cooking Frequency [1 = Often 4 = Never]

1.92 ± 1.00

1.61 ± 0.89 **

2.06 ± 1.01

0.002 *

1.86 ± 0.99**

1.85 ± 0.98 **

1.90 ± 1.01 **

0.606

Total cooking and food preparation confidence scores (higher scores indicates increased confidence)

39.12 ± 9.61 **

42.35 ± 7.63 **

37.56 ± 10.07 **

0.001

39.13 ± 9.01 **

39.49 ± 8.68 **

38.73 ± 9.37 **

0.506

Alcohol Days per week

1.61 ± 1.68

1.26 ± 1.44

1.86 ± 1.81

0.290

2.09 ± 1.86**

2.18 ± 1.88

1.97 ± 1.83

0.466

Alcohol Units per session

4.36 ± 3.44 **

4.35 ± 3.44 **

4.38 ± 3.47**

0.000

6.30 ± 4.85

7.17 ± 5.28

5.05 ± 3.86 **

0.004