Table 2 Sex differences on all sociodemographic, pandemic, and psychological variables

Categorical variables

%

%

χ² (df), p, φ

Irish nationality

73.8

70.0

1.90 (1), .168, .04

Grew up in Ireland

79.7

78.7

0.15 (1), .697, .01

Irish ethnicity

76.9

73.7

1.40 (1), .238, .04

Living location

10.39 (3), .015, .10

  City

21.5

18.8

  Suburb

21.5

21.5

  Town

31.6

25.7^a

  Rural

25.4

34.0^a

In a relationship

76.1

66.0

12.48 (1), < .001, .11

Living alone

13.6

11.9

0.65 (1), .420, .03

Attended university

72.2

69.8

0.74 (1), .390, .03

Employment status

62.20 (3), < .001, .25

  Full-time employed

52.5

34.1^a

  Part-time employed

11.4

24.1^a

  Unemployed

16.6

27.8^a

  Retired

19.5

14.0^a

2019 income level

54.65 (4), < .001, .23

  €0-€20,000

16.8

26.9^a

  €20,000-€29,999

18.5

21.6

  €30,000-€39,999

15.8

23.7^a

  €40,000-€49,999

15.0

11.2

  €50,000 or above

33.9

16.6^a

Chronic illness—self

26.0

22.6

1.61 (1), .205, .04

Chronic illness—family

29.2

38.6

10.12 (1), .001, .10

COVID-19 infection—self

1.3

1.2

0.05 (1), .829, .01

COVID-19 infection—family

3.2

3.5

0.07 (1), .791, .01

COVID-19 death

5.3

3.2

2.83 (1), .092, .05

Increased childcare

17.0

22.0

4.03 (1), .045, .06

Increased housework

28.4

36.9

8.50 (1), .004, .09

Increased elderly care

16.6

17.2

0.05 (1), .820, .01

Increased unsafe

6.3

9.5

3.65 (1), .056, .06

Increased IPV

4.9

3.4

1.45 (1), .221, .04

Continuous variables

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

t, p, Cohen’s d

Age

48.30 (14.95)

41.73 (15.85)

6.82, < .001, .43

Number of children in home

1.73 (1.07)

1.67 (0.97)

0.95, .344, .06

Number of adults in home

2.28 (1.01)

2.44 (1.19)

2.35, .019, .14

COVID-19 anxiety

58.60 (26.87)

63.37 (26.21)

2.88, .004, .18

Perceived risk of infection

37.06 (23.89)

38.05 (24.94)

0.65, .515, .04

Financial worries

5.29 (2.85)

5.43 (3.00)

0.77, .441, .05

Income change

-8.77 (27.92)

-10.61 (29.22)

1.03, .303, .06

Openness

6.67 (1.65)

6.64 (1.66)

0.32, .747, .02

Conscientiousness

8.06 (1.71)

8.39 (1.76)

2.98, .003, .19

Extraversion

6.07 (1.88)

6.20 (1.93)

1.03, .302, .07

Agreeableness

7.00 (1.61)

7.03 (1.66)

0.25, .799, .02

Neuroticism

5.29 (2.00)

6.02 (2.07)

5.77, < .001, .36

Internal locus of control

11.83 (4.56)

12.13 (4.25)

1.10, .270, .07

Identification with others

31.77 (7.60)

33.32 (7.13)

3.38, .001, .21

Religious beliefs

22.32 (6.60)

23.27 (5.85)

2.44, .015, .15

Intolerance of uncertainty

38.29 (12.28)

37.46 (12.65)

1.07, .287, .07

Loneliness

4.84 (1.84)

5.31 (1.90)

4.01, < .001, .25

Somatic problems

4.68 (4.42)

6.22 (4.62)

5.45, < .001, .34

Sleep quality

22.71 (7.67)

19.55 (8.09)

6.43, < .001, .40